Damage costs of nitrogen fertilizer in Europe and their internalization.
Damage costs of nitrogen fertilizer in Europe and their internalization.
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DOI：
10.1080/09640560600601587
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
von Blottnitz, H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blottnitz, H. von;Rabl, A.;von Blottnitz, H.
本文估计了欧洲合成氮肥的环境影响和破坏成本（“外部成本”），并讨论了减少这些影响的选择，包括它们对农民和肥料生产商的影响。可估算的肥料生命周期损害成本较大，约为0.3欧元/kgN（目前市场价格约为0.5欧元/kgN）；这在很大程度上是由于化肥生产过程中排放的一氧化二氮和二氧化碳以及肥料田排放的一氧化二氮造成的全球变暖。讨论了将这些成本内部化的政策选择，并探讨了减少肥料投入对作物产量的影响。如果污染税或政府拍卖的可交易许可证将损害成本内部化，经济后果将是严重的，农民将损失大量收入。然而，如果通过免费发放的可交易许可证将其内部化，农民的收入损失就很小。化肥生产商的损失随着内部化的外部成本的增加而线性增加，而农民的损失则呈二次增长，但对于0.3欧元/公斤吨的损害成本来说，损失很小。以农民收入中依赖肥料的部分（作物产量*作物价格-肥料使用量*肥料价格）的变化来表示，大多数作物的降幅小于0.5%；只有每公顷收益较低的作物损失更大。以小麦、大麦、土豆、甜菜和油菜籽为例，英国农民的损失约为0.1%，瑞典为0.4%。化肥生产商的收入损失更大，英国约为8%，瑞典约为14%。
This paper estimates the environmental impacts and damage costs ('external costs') of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer in Europe and discusses options for reducing these impacts, including their consequences for farmers and for producers of fertilizer. The damage costs of the fertilizer life cycle that could be estimated are large, about 0.3 Euro/kgN (compared to the current market price of about 0.5 Euro/kgN); much of that is due to global warming by N2O and CO2 emissions during fertilizer production and N2O emissions from fertilized fields. Policy options for internalizing these costs are discussed, and the consequences of reduced fertilizer input on crop yield are explored. If the damage costs were internalized by a pollution tax or tradable permits that are auctioned by the government, the economic consequences would be heavy, with a large revenue loss for farmers. However, if it is internalized by tradable permits that are given out free, the revenue loss for farmers is small. The loss for fertilizer producers increases linearly with the amount of external cost that is internalized, by contrast to the loss for farmers which increases quadratically but is very small for a damage cost of 0.3 Euro/kgN. Expressed as a change in the fertilizer-dependent part of the farmers' revenue (crop yield * crop price - fertilizer used * fertilizer price), the decrease is less than 0.5% for most crops; the losses are larger only for crops with low revenue per hectare. Averaged over wheat, barley, potatoes, sugarbeet and rapeseed, the loss to farmers is about 0.1% in the UK and 0.4% in Sweden. The revenue loss for fertilizer producers is larger, about 8% in the UK and 14% in Sweden.