THE HIGH AND THE LOW IN POLITICS: A TWO-DIMENSIONAL POLITICAL SPACE FOR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND ELECTORAL STUDIES
THE HIGH AND THE LOW IN POLITICS: A TWO-DIMENSIONAL POLITICAL SPACE FOR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND ELECTORAL STUDIES
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政治的高低：比较分析和选举研究的二维政治空间
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发表时间：
2009
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通讯作者：
Pierre Ostiguy
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作者：
Pierre Ostiguy
本文介绍了对政党制度、分裂和政治运动进行空间和比较分析不可或缺的维度。它提出了政治中“高”和“低”的概念以及高低维度，涉及以社会学差异的方式吸引（并因此与人们建立联系）的方式。身居高位的政治家无论是在举止还是制度程序上都“表现良好”，更加克制和得体。地位低下的政治家升华较少，在举止和制度上都更加脚踏实地、粗俗、朴实和个人主义。相对于左右轴，高低维度是完全中立的或正交的，这与基切尔特的威权主义/自由主义分歧或英格尔哈特的唯物主义/后唯物主义政治分歧形成鲜明对比。该论文还对左右之间经典且几乎普遍的极性进行了扎实的概念讨论，左右极性（如高低轴）实际上由两个子维度组成。高-低和左右维度共同构成了一个二维政治空间，对于表征某些政治领域和政治策略非常有用。此外，“低”的概念还为民粹主义提供了一个急需的、无争议的、高度直观的定义。它还凸显了被忽视的反民粹主义现象。最后，本文阐述了阿根廷的高低维度的相关性，其“双重政治谱系”分为庇隆主义和反庇隆主义、委内瑞拉的查韦斯主义和反查韦斯主义以及厄瓜多尔。
This paper introduces an indispensable dimension for the spatial and comparative analysis of party systems, cleavages, and the conduct of political campaigns. It presents the concepts of “high” and “low” in politics and the high-low dimension, which concerns ways of appealing (and thus relating) to people in sociologically differentiated ways. Politicians on the high are “well behaved,” more restrained, and proper, both in manners and institutional procedures. Politicians on the low sublimate less and are more down-to-earth, coarser, earthier, and personalistic, both in manners and institutionally. The high-low dimension is fully neutral, or orthogonal, with regard to the left-right axis, in contrast to Kitschelt’s authoritarian/libertarian divide or Inglehart’s materialist/post-materialist political cleavage. The paper also provides a solid conceptual discussion of the classic and almost universal polarity between left and right, which (like the high-low axis) is in fact comprised of two subdimensions. Together, the high-low and left-right dimensions make up a two-dimensional space of politics highly useful for characterizing certain political arenas and political strategies. The concept of “low” moreover provides a much-needed, uncontroversial, and highly intuitive definition of populism. It also brings to the fore the neglected phenomenon of anti-populism. Finally, the paper illustrates the relevance of the high-low dimension in Argentina, with its “double political spectrum” divided between Peronism and anti-Peronism, Venezuela with Chavismo and anti-Chavismo, and Ecuador.