Societal Costs of Late Blight in Potato and Prospects of Durable Resistance Through Cisgenic Modification
Societal Costs of Late Blight in Potato and Prospects of Durable Resistance Through Cisgenic Modification
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DOI：
10.1007/s11540-008-9089-y
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发表时间：
2008-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
van der Vossen, E. A. G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Haverkort, A. J.;Boonekamp, P. M.;van der Vossen, E. A. G.
在欧洲联盟，种植了近600万公顷的土豆，价值接近60亿欧元。由致病疫霉引起的晚疫病每年造成的损失（控制和损害的成本）估计超过10亿美元。随着晚疫病变得越来越具有侵略性，以及社会对使用环境不友好的化学品的抵制，化学控制面临压力。育种方案未能显著提高现有马铃薯品种的抗性水平。新的科学方法可能产生转基因无标记马铃薯品种（反式和/或顺式基因，后者意味着使用本地抗性基因），作为目前使用的品种的改良变种，显示出更高的抗性水平。开发这种改良品种需要大量的科学投资，但这些品种将产生巨大的经济和环境影响。在这里，我们提出了一种基于（顺基因）抗性基因的方法，这将增强影响。它包括五个主题：野生马铃薯基因库中抗病基因的检测及其在晚疫病病原菌侵染途径和繁殖中的功能;天然抗病基因的克隆和单个或多个抗病基因的转化盒;（顺基因）R基因进入现有品种，证明适应性，以提高其对消费者的价值;选择真正的野生型和具有与原始品种相似品质的抗性基因型;对含有不同R-盒的顺基因转基因品种晚疫病的时空抗性管理研究基因，以避免破坏抵抗力和减少流行病的积累;与社会中所有相关利益攸关方的沟通和互动，以及研究工作的透明度。主要挑战之一是解释同基因转基因作物与转基因作物相比的不同性质和可能的生物学改进以及立法影响。重要的是要认识到，目前欧盟关于转基因作物的第2001/18/EC号指令并没有区分反式基因和顺式基因。这些规则是在只有转基因转基因植物的时候制定的。我们提出了一个案例，主张更新和完善这些规则，以将顺基因转基因作物在另一类转基因植物，已经在过去所做的（诱导）突变育种和使用的原生质体融合之间的可杂交的物种。
In the European Union almost 6 Mha of potatoes are grown representing a value of close to (sic)6,000,000,000. Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans causes annual losses (costs of control and damage) estimated at more than (sic)1,000,000,000. Chemical control is under pressure as late blight becomes increasingly aggressive and there is societal resistance against the use of environmentally unfriendly chemicals. Breeding programmes have not been able to markedly increase the level of resistance of current potato varieties. New scientific approaches may yield genetically modified marker-free potato varieties (either trans- and/or cisgenic, the latter signifying the use of indigenous resistance genes) as improved variants of currently used varieties showing far greater levels of resistance. There are strong scientific investments needed to develop such improved varieties but these varieties will have great economic and environmental impact. Here we present an approach, based on (cisgenic) resistance genes that will enhance the impact. It consists of five themes: the detection of R-genes in the wild potato gene pool and their function related to the various aspects in the infection route and reproduction of the late blight causing pathogen; cloning of natural R-genes and transforming cassettes of single or multiple (cisgenic) R-genes into existing varieties with proven adaptation to improve their value for consumers; selection of true to the wild type and resistant genotypes with similar qualities as the original variety; spatial and temporal resistance management research of late blight of the cisgenic genetically modified (GM) varieties that contain different cassettes of R-genes to avoid breaking of resistance and reduce build-up of epidemics; communication and interaction with all relevant stakeholders in society and transparency in what research is doing. One of the main challenges is to explain the different nature and possible biological improvement and legislative repercussions of cisgenic GM-crops in comparison with transgenic GM-crops. It is important to realize that the present EU Directive 2001/18/EC on GM crops does not make a difference between trans- and cisgenes. These rules were developed when only transgenic GM plants were around. We present a case arguing for an updating and refinement of these rules in order to place cisgenic GM-crops in another class of GM-plants as has been done in the past with (induced) mutation breeding and the use of protoplast fusion between crossable species.