Ongoing Climate Change in the Arctic
Ongoing Climate Change in the Arctic
复制标题
北极持续的气候变化
DOI：
10.1007/s13280-011-0211-z
复制
发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
B. Rudolf
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Walsh;J. Overland;P. Groisman;B. Rudolf
在过去的十年里，北极经历了有仪器记录以来的最高温度，甚至超过了20世纪30年代和40年代的温暖。最近的古重建也表明，最近的北极夏季温度比过去2000多年中的任何时候都要高。最近变暖的地理分布强烈地表明了海冰减少的影响。近地表变暖的空间格局也显示了太平洋地区太平洋年代际涛动的特征以及大西洋地区偶极子环流模式的影响。北纬55°以北陆地地区的北极平均降水量年际变化很大，自1950年以来增加了约5%。根据降雨量和河流流量数据，自2000年以来的几年都比平均水平多。有迹象表明，北极上空的云量增加，特别是温暖季节的低云，这与夏季延长和夏季海冰减少相一致。风暴事件和极端高温显示出增加的迹象。北冰洋经历了来自北大西洋和北太平洋的海洋热量流入增加。太平洋流入显然在北冰洋太平洋部分的海冰消退中发挥了作用，而大西洋水热流入的特点是越来越暖的脉冲。最近的船上观测显示，在新出现的无海冰海域，海洋热量储存增加，对秋季大气温度和风场的影响增加。
During the past decade, the Arctic has experienced its highest temperatures of the instrumental record, even exceeding the warmth of the 1930s and 1940s. Recent paleo-reconstructions also show that recent Arctic summer temperatures are higher than at any time in the past 2000 years. The geographical distribution of the recent warming points strongly to an influence of sea ice reduction. The spatial pattern of the near-surface warming also shows the signature of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in the Pacific sector as well as the influence of a dipole-like circulation pattern in the Atlantic sector. Areally averaged Arctic precipitation over the land areas north of 55°N shows large year-to-year variability, superimposed on an increase of about 5% since 1950. The years since 2000 have been wetter than average according to both precipitation and river discharge data. There are indications of increased cloudiness over the Arctic, especially low clouds during the warm season, consistent with a longer summer and a reduction of summer sea ice. Storm events and extreme high temperature show signs of increases. The Arctic Ocean has experienced enhanced oceanic heat inflows from both the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. The Pacific inflows evidently played a role in the retreat of sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean, while the Atlantic water heat influx has been characterized by increasingly warm pulses. Recent shipboard observations show increased ocean heat storage in newly sea-ice-free ocean areas, with increased influence on autumn atmospheric temperature and wind fields.