Morphological phylogeny of gall‐forming aphids of the tribe Eriosomatini (Aphididae: Eriosomatinae)
Morphological phylogeny of gall‐forming aphids of the tribe Eriosomatini (Aphididae: Eriosomatinae)
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00589.x
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发表时间：
2011-10
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
M. Sano;S. Akimoto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Sano;S. Akimoto
Eriosomatini 族的蚜虫通常以榆树属和榉树属为主要寄主，在树上诱导几种类型的叶瘿。为了阐明蚜虫-寄主关联和瘿形态的进化变化，根据 52 个形态特征，使用 36 个物种（内群中 28 个）推断了系统发育关系。具有相同特征权重的系统发育分析产生了数百个最简约的树，但这些树的严格共识却很难得到解决。然而，字符的连续加权产生了三棵最简约的树。这些严格的共识支持了 Eriosomatini 的单系性和大多数属的单系性。在共识树上重建蚜虫-寄主关联表明，祖先 Eriosomatini 与 Zelkova 相关，而与 Ulmus 的关联独立进化了两次。祖先重建表明，卷叶型虫瘿是完全和不完全封闭的袋型虫瘿的祖先，并且每种类型的袋型虫瘿都是独立进化的。研究表明，尽管榉树物种上的椿木素很早就发生了多样化，但由于自第三纪晚期以来大多数地区的榉树被消灭，与榉树相关的椿木素已经灭绝或作为第二寄主上的孤雌生殖存活下来。相比之下，Eriosomatini 中的两个大属，Eriosoma 和 Tetraneura，与最大的榆科榆属有关，其成分广泛分布在欧亚大陆，包括北方地区。因此，现有证据表明，目前的厄里奥马汀物种多样性和分布模式在很大程度上受到第三纪晚期和第四纪期间其寄主植物的多样化和灭绝的影响。
Aphids of the tribe Eriosomatini are typically associated with the tree genera Ulmus and Zelkova as the primary host, on which they induce several types of leaf gall. To elucidate evolutionary changes in the aphid–host associations and gall morphology, phylogenetic relationships were inferred using 36 species (28 in the ingroup) and based on 52 morphological characters. Phylogenetic analysis with equal character weighting led to hundreds of most‐parsimonious trees, and the strict consensus of these was poorly resolved. However, the successive weighting of characters yielded three most‐parsimonious trees. The strict consensus of these supported the monophyly of the Eriosomatini and the monophyly of most genera. Reconstruction of the aphid–host associations on the consensus tree indicated that the ancestral Eriosomatini were associated with Zelkova and that the association with Ulmus evolved twice independently. Ancestral reconstruction suggests that galls of the leaf‐roll type are ancestral to those of the completely and incompletely closed pouch type, and that each type of pouch galls evolved independently. It is suggested that despite early diversification of the Eriosomatini on Zelkova species, Zelkova‐associated eriosomatines had become extinct or survived as relict parthenogens on the secondary host due to the elimination of Zelkova in most regions since the late Tertiary. In contrast, two large genera in the Eriosomatini, Eriosoma and Tetraneura, are associated with the largest elm section Ulmus whose elements are distributed widely in Eurasia, including boreal regions. Therefore, the available evidence suggests that the present species diversity and distribution patterns of the eriosomatines have been largely affected by the diversification and extinction of their host plants during the late Tertiary and Quaternary.