Critical review of the use and scientific basis of forensic gait analysis
Critical review of the use and scientific basis of forensic gait analysis
复制标题
法医步态分析的使用和科学基础的批判性评论
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Z. Geradts
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nina M van Mastrigt;Kevin Celie;A. Mieremet;A. Ruifrok;Z. Geradts
摘要本文综述了法医步态分析的科学基础，并评估了其在荷兰，英国和丹麦的使用，最近在加拿大的步态证据的接纳批评。一个有用的法医特征是（1）可测量的，（2）在个体内一致，（3）个体之间不同。通过对相关学术文献的回顾，发现：（1）法医步态特征可以通过监控视频进行量化或观察，但这些方法的准确性、有效性和可靠性有待研究;（2）在不同和恒定的环境下，个体的步态是可变的，速度是主要的影响因素;（3）步态特征的识别强度在个体间存在明显差异，但仍需进一步研究。尽管如此，在过去15年中，法医步态分析在欧洲的几次刑事审判中发挥了作用。不同法院对步态证据的采纳不同。这些方法主要是基于步态分析的：多个步态分析师（独立地）评估犯罪者和嫌疑人的视频片段上的步态特征。使用步态特征数据库，可以计算观察到的个体具有相同或另一身份的假设的似然比。自动步态识别算法计算视频剪辑之间的差异度量，将其与从视频步态识别数据库导出的阈值进行比较以指示可能性。然而，只有部分自动化的算法已在实践中使用。我们认为，法医步态分析的科学基础是有限的。然而，步态特征数据库使其在法庭上使用的支持性证据，相对较低的证据价值。本文提出的建议是：（1）扩大对受试者间和受试者内步态变异性、步态特征的区分强度和相互依赖性、方法精度、步态特征数据库和似然比估计的认识;（2）比较自动步态识别方法和基于步态识别的方法;（3）设计一种具有已知有效性、可靠性和熟练度测试的国际标准方法;（4）国际标准步态特征数据收集方法，生成数据库;（5）法庭采纳步态证据的（国际）国家指南;（6）降低法医步态分析中认知和背景偏见的风险。这有望改善步态证据在法庭上的承认和对其证据价值的判断。一些正在进行的研究项目侧重于这些建议的一部分。
Abstract This review summarizes the scientific basis of forensic gait analysis and evaluates its use in the Netherlands, United Kingdom and Denmark, following recent critique on the admission of gait evidence in Canada. A useful forensic feature is (1) measurable, (2) consistent within and (3) different between individuals. Reviewing the academic literature, this article found that (1) forensic gait features can be quantified or observed from surveillance video, but research into accuracy, validity and reliability of these methods is needed; (2) gait is variable within individuals under differing and constant circumstances, with speed having major influence; (3) the discriminative strength of gait features needs more research, although clearly variation exists between individuals. Nevertheless, forensic gait analysis has contributed to several criminal trials in Europe in the past 15 years. The admission of gait evidence differs between courts. The methods are mainly observer-based: multiple gait analysts (independently) assess gait features on video footage of a perpetrator and suspect. Using gait feature databases, likelihood ratios of the hypotheses that the observed individuals have the same or another identity can be calculated. Automated gait recognition algorithms calculate a difference measure between video clips, which is compared with a threshold value derived from a video gait recognition database to indicate likelihood. However, only partly automated algorithms have been used in practice. We argue that the scientific basis of forensic gait analysis is limited. However, gait feature databases enable its use in court for supportive evidence with relatively low evidential value. The recommendations made in this review are (1) to expand knowledge on inter- and intra-subject gait variabilities, discriminative strength and interdependency of gait features, method accuracies, gait feature databases and likelihood ratio estimations; (2) to compare automated and observer-based gait recognition methods; to design (3) an international standard method with known validity, reliability and proficiency tests for analysts; (4) an international standard gait feature data collection method resulting in database(s); (5) (inter)national guidelines for the admission of gait evidence in court; and (6) to decrease the risk for cognitive and contextual bias in forensic gait analysis. This is expected to improve admission of gait evidence in court and judgment of its evidential value. Several ongoing research projects focus on parts of these recommendations.
步行速度对健康青年、中年和老年人步态变异的影响。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
Journal of physical activity, nutrition and rehabilitation
影响因子：
--
作者：
Chien,JH;Yentes,J;Stergiou,N;Siu,K-C
通讯作者：
Siu,K-C
DOI：
10.1109/tpami.2005.39
发表时间：
2005-02-01
影响因子：
23.6
作者：
Sarkar, S;Phillips, PJ;Bowyer, KW
通讯作者：
Bowyer, KW