Comparative Analysis of Illicit Supply Network Structure and Operations: Cocaine, Wildlife, and Sand
Comparative Analysis of Illicit Supply Network Structure and Operations: Cocaine, Wildlife, and Sand
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DOI：
10.31389/jied.76
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发表时间：
2021-10
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
N. Magliocca;A. Torres;Jared D. Margulies;K. McSweeney;Inés Arroyo-Quiroz;N. Carter;Kevin M. Curtin;Tara Easter;Meredith L. Gore;Annette Hübschle;Francis Massé;Aunshul Rege;Elizabeth Tellman
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文献类型：
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作者：
N. Magliocca;A. Torres;Jared D. Margulies;K. McSweeney;Inés Arroyo-Quiroz;N. Carter;Kevin M. Curtin;Tara Easter;Meredith L. Gore;Annette Hübschle;Francis Massé;Aunshul Rege;Elizabeth Tellman
非法供应网络 (ISN) 由协调一致的人类行为者组成，这些行为者向消费者采购、运输和分发非法贸易商品，同时也造成广泛的社会和环境危害。尽管有关 ISN 及其影响的文献越来越多，但由于始终缺乏将特定 ISN 的作案手法及其在空间和时间上的活动模式联系起来的知识，理解和破坏 ISN 的努力仍然不够。核心挑战是，整合所需的数据和知识仍然分散和/或分散在负责理解或监控一个或几个特定 ISN 的学科、研究小组和机构之间。前进的道路之一是对多个不同的 ISN 进行比较分析。我们提出并应用了一个概念框架，将 ISN 的作案方式与时空动态和活动模式联系起来。我们通过对可卡因、非法贸易野生动物和非法开采沙子这三种 ISN 的比较分析来证明这一点，这些 ISN 的范围从成熟到新兴，地理范围从全球到国内，从完全非法到事实上合法。所提出的框架揭示了与地理价格结构、不同供应链阶段的价值获取相关的一致特征，以及与商品特征及其相对非法性相关的 ISN 结构和运营之间的关键差异。尽管商品和 ISN 属性比较多样，但随着执法干扰的增加，非法活动造成的社会和环境危害不断变得更加普遍。借鉴不同 ISN 的经验教训，这些 ISN 的历史和当前复杂程度各不相同，如果未来条件或执法压力发生变化，新生和/或低显着性 ISN 的结构和功能可能会发生变化。
Illicit supply networks (ISNs) are composed of coordinated human actors that source, transit, and distribute illicitly traded goods to consumers, while also creating widespread social and environmental harms. Despite growing documentation of ISNs and their impacts, efforts to understand and disrupt ISNs remain insufficient due to the persistent lack of knowledge connecting a given ISN’s modus operandi and its patterns of activity in space and time. The core challenge is that the data and knowledge needed to integrate it remain fragmented and/or compartmentalized across disciplines, research groups, and agencies tasked with understanding or monitoring one or a few specific ISNs. One path forward is to conduct comparative analyses of multiple diverse ISNs. We present and apply a conceptual framework for linking ISN modus operandi to spatial-temporal dynamics and patterns of activity. We demonstrate this through a comparative analysis of three ISNs – cocaine, illegally traded wildlife, and illegally mined sand – which range from well-established to emergent, global to domestic in geographic scope, and fully illicit to de facto legal. The proposed framework revealed consistent traits related to geographic price structure, value capture at different supply chain stages, and key differences among ISN structure and operation related to commodity characteristics and their relative illicitness. Despite the diversity of commodities and ISN attributes compared, social and environmental harms inflicted by the illicit activity consistently become more widespread with increasing law enforcement disruption. Drawing on these lessons from diverse ISNs, which varied in their histories and current sophistication, possible changes in the structure and function of nascent and/or low salience ISNs may be anticipated if future conditions or law enforcement pressure change.