Education, Development, and Politics in South Korea
Education, Development, and Politics in South Korea
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韩国的教育、发展和政治
DOI：
10.1007/978-981-13-2859-6_10
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Isozaki Noriyo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
後藤 励;井深 陽子;久保文明;Isozaki Noriyo
韩国（以下简称韩国）自20世纪60年代以来的快速经济增长被称为“汉江奇迹”。除了几乎完全缺乏自然资源外，朝鲜还被朝鲜战争（1950-53年）摧毁，这场战争是在朝鲜获得独立后不久在自己的土地上进行的。1960年代初，其人均国内生产总值低至约100美元。国家主导的发展运动始于朴正熙政府的经济发展计划，该政府在1961年的政变中夺取了权力。在朴槿惠总统和全斗焕总统的独裁政权期间，国家精英从上面强加秩序，并在经济发展方面取得了成功。1987年6月29日的宣言引发了韩国政治制度向民主统治的转变，包括政府对私营部门的控制逐渐下降。与此同时，韩国经济继续增长，1995年人均国内生产总值超过1万美元。1997年的亚洲金融危机重创了韩国，迫使其要求国际货币基金组织（IMF）提供一揽子救助计划。韩国在国际货币基金组织支持的计划下进行经济结构调整后，其经济与全球经济更加融合。其人均国内生产总值在2007年超过了20 000美元的基准，在2013年超过了25 000美元。在韩国经济经历这一发展过程时，其主要出口产品（也是其增长的主要引擎）首先是纺织品，然后是钢铁和汽车，近年来又增加了半导体等电气和电子产品（图10.1）。韩国被普遍认为是解释东亚国家快速经济崛起的最有影响力的概念之一的典型例子：发展型国家（Amsden 1989; Woo-Cumings 1999; Chu 2016）。直到最近，大多数研究人员都将韩国经济的复杂性归因于政府政策和企业战略对国家环境的适应;劳动力的作用，实际上承担了生产活动，
South Korea (hereafter Korea)’s rapid economic growth since the 1960s has been labeled “the Miracle on the Han River.” In addition to being almost totally devoid of natural resources, Korea was ruined by the Korean War (1950–53), which was fought on its own land soon after it had obtained independence. Its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was as low as about $100 in the early 1960s. A state-led development drive started with the economic development plan of the Park Chung-hee administration, which seized power in a 1961 coup d’état. During the authoritarian regime under President Park and President Chun Doo-hwan, state elites imposed order from above and were successful in terms of economic development. The June 29 Declaration of 1987 triggered a shift toward democratic rule in Korea’s political system, including a gradual decline in government control over the private sector. Meanwhile, the Korean economy continued to grow, and its GDP per capita exceeded $10,000 in 1995. The Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 devastated Korea, forcing it to ask the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to provide a bailout package. After Korea made economic structural adjustments under the IMF-supported program, its economy became more integrated with the global economy. Its GDP per capita exceeded the benchmarks of $20,000 in 2007 and $25,000 in 2013. As the Korean economy went through this development process, its main exports (and the chief engines of its growth) were, first, textile products, then steel and automobiles, and, in recent years, electrical and electronic products such as semiconductors (Fig. 10.1). Korea is generally acknowledged as a typical example of one of the most influential concepts in explaining the rapid economic rise of East Asian countries: the developmental state (Amsden 1989; Woo-Cumings 1999; Chu 2016). Until recently, most researchers had attributed the Korean economy’s sophistication to the adaptation of government policies and corporate strategies to the nation’s circumstances; the role of the labor force, which has actually shouldered production activities, had