Forgotten Citizens: Deportation, Children, and the Making of American Exiles and Orphans
Forgotten Citizens: Deportation, Children, and the Making of American Exiles and Orphans
复制标题
被遗忘的公民：驱逐、儿童以及美国流亡者和孤儿的形成
DOI：
10.1080/15313204.2016.1231650
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
L. Nackerud
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yolanda Machoda;L. Nackerud
媒体对移民政策和驱逐无证移民的关注再次在美国各地引发热议。联邦、州和地方已经协调努力，试图消灭不断入境的移民--那些未经许可越过墨西哥南部边境的人，以及那些来自其他地方的签证过期的人。在本案例分析中，作者路易斯H。Zayas捕捉了移民家庭的辛酸故事，特别是西班牙裔家庭，他们的成员面临着被驱逐到各自原籍国的痛苦命运。作为一名行为实践者和社会工作研究者，Zayas与移民家庭及其移民律师合作，在移民法庭上提供专家证人报告，解释通过驱逐程序将父母与子女分开的潜在负面后果。这本书的序言揭示了扎亚斯的意图，即在美国出生的儿童所经历的斗争中“摆出一张人性的面孔”，这些儿童的父母在没有适当文件的情况下移民到美国。Zayas提出了一种对受这场人权危机影响的儿童的批判性观点，这种观点贯穿于这本书的从头到尾，使读者能够将这些儿童的创伤理解为一个社会正义问题。同样重要的是，Zayas告诫不要对这些儿童或这些公民的父母在可能被驱逐出境的情况下抚养家庭的决定作出判断。然而，这是相当重要的Zayas作为一个临床医生，和一个学术学者和研究人员，保持一个科学的方法，以丰富的信息提供了整个书。第一章介绍了扎亚斯讲故事的叙事风格，确定了以下章节的节奏和节奏。作者从一个关于一个儿童因其父母可能被驱逐出境而受到影响的案件的短篇小说开始，将一段回忆与介绍有关移民拘留、法庭听证和驱逐程序的法律的程序的概念交叉起来。这种策略性的叙述将读者带入一个前后的历史中，使阅读越来越有趣，同时提供了重要的法律的背景和定义。此外，在第一章中，扎亚斯介绍了他为整本书所做的论文，其中指出，“我们的移民执法系统实际上创造了两个下级类别的[公民]儿童：流亡者和孤儿”（第4页）。他将流亡儿童定义为那些在美国出生的儿童，当驱逐出境发生时，他们被迫迁移到父母的原籍国。孤儿是那些父母做出同样困难的决定，将他们在美国出生的孩子留在该国与亲戚在一起，而父母被驱逐并送回他们的祖国。第二章至第五章增加了大量的叙述汇编，描述了公民儿童真实情况的共性和差异，这些儿童的父母要么被送回墨西哥或其他中美洲国家，要么被允许与家人留在美国。第六章到第十章清楚地讲述了这些家庭因害怕被驱逐出境而带来的情感和心理负担、不协调和不标准的法庭程序以及对未知事物的普遍询问
Media focus on migration policy and the deportation of undocumented immigrants has once again sparked across the United States. Federal, state, and local efforts have been coordinated to attempt to decimate a continuous entry of immigrants—those persons who cross the Southern border with Mexico without authorization, and those coming from other places who overstay their visas. In this case study analysis, author Luis H. Zayas captures poignant stories of immigrant families, particularly of Hispanic origin, whose members face traumatic fates of deportations to their respective countries of origin. As a behavioral practitioner and social work researcher, Zayas worked with immigrant families and their migration lawyers to provide expert witness reports in migration courts explaining the potentially negative consequences of separating parents from their children through deportation procedures. The book’s preface reveals the intent of Zayas to “put a human face” on the struggles experienced by children born in the United States whose parents migrated into the country without proper documentation. Zayas presents an emphatic view of children affected by this human rights crisis, which permeates the book from beginning to end, positioning the reader to understand the trauma of these children as a social justice issue. Also important is Zayas’s caution to not pass judgment upon these children or these citizens’ parents regarding their decision to raise families under circumstances of potential deportation. However, it is quite as important for Zayas as a clinical practitioner, and an academic scholar and researcher, to maintain a scientific approach to the abundant information provided throughout the book. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to Zayas’s narrative style for storytelling, defining the pace and rhythm of the following chapters. Starting with a short story from a case concerning a child affected by potential deportation of her parents, the author intersects a recollection with the introduction of concepts pertinent to the legal procedures of immigrants’ detentions, court hearings, and removal processes. This strategic narrative takes the reader in a back-and-forward-history, making the reading increasingly interesting, while simultaneously provides important legal context and definitions. In addition, in Chapter 1, Zayas introduces his thesis for the whole book, which states,“Our immigration enforcement systems create, in effect, two subordinate classes of [citizen-] children: exiles and orphans”(p. 4). He defines exiled children as those born in the United States that are forced to migrate to their parents’ country of origin when deportation occurs. Orphan children are those whose parents make the equally difficult decision of leaving their US-born children in the country with relatives while the parents are removed and sent back to their native land. Chapters 2 through 5 add an extensive compilation of narratives describing commonalities and disparities among real-case situations of citizen-children, whose parents were either sent back to Mexico or other Central American countries or allowed to remain in the United States with their families. Chapters 6 through 10 clearly relate the emotional and psychological burden posed by the fear of deportation to these families, the incongruent and non-standard court procedures, and the pervasive inquiry of the unknown