Brain injury and recovery.
Brain injury and recovery.
复制标题
脑损伤和康复。
DOI:
10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.028
复制
发表时间:
2016
期刊:
影响因子:
2.9
通讯作者:
Bondi,CorinaO
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kline,AnthonyE;Bondi,CorinaO
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), which often results from motor vehicle accidents and falls (Faul et al., 2010, Summers et al., 2009), affects 10 million individuals worldwide each year (Hyder et al., 2007), with approximately 2 million of those occurring in the United States (Goldstein, 1990, Thurman et al., 1999, Selassie et al., 2008, Faul et al., 2010). Of these, 52,000 die (Sosin et al., 1995, Faul et al., 2010) and many are left with enduring motor and cognitive dysfunctions that persist for years, if not permanently. The disturbances resulting from brain trauma, most commonly memory impairment (Horneman and Emanuelson, 2009), can have sustained adverse effects on the quality of life (Binder, 1986, Millis et al., 2001). Moreover, the economic burden is estimated in the billions of dollars each year and is incurred from hospital care and rehabilitation costs plus lost productivity (Max et al., 1991, Selassie et al., 2008).Following the primary injury, which typically consists of a focal contusion and diffuse structural damage, there is a subsequent cascade of secondary events that include, but are not limited to, neurotransmitter alterations (Dixon et al., 1996, Dixon et al., 1997, Yan et al., 2002, Massucci et al., 2004, Bales et al., 2009, Bales et al., 2010), inflammation (Adelson et al., 1998, Ziebell and Morganti-Kossmann, 2010, Johnson et al., 2013), oxidative stress (Bayir et al., 2009, Sparvero et al., 2010, Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al., 2014), and mitochondrial dysfunction (Sullivan et al., 2005, Singh et al., 2006, Gilmer et al., 2009, Hiebert et al., 2015). Pharmacotherapies are used extensively in TBI early to prevent or reduce some of the deleterious secondary effects, however, they are also provided during later stages as reparative approaches (Bondi et al., 2015). Stem cell implantation (Sun, 2014), electrical stimulation (Adkins et al., 2008), and various complementary medicine approaches (McFadden et al., 2011, McFadden et al., 2012) are also provided to restore lost function after TBI, as is neurorehabilitation (Griesbach et al., 2008, Griesbach et al., 2012, Sozda et al., 2010, de Witt et al., 2011, Monaco et al., 2013, Bondi et al., 2014, Bondi et al., 2015).