Brain injury and recovery.

Brain injury and recovery.
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脑损伤和康复。

DOI:
10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.028
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发表时间:
2016
期刊:
影响因子:
2.9
通讯作者:
Bondi,CorinaO
Bondi,CorinaO
中科院分区:
医学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kline,AnthonyE;Bondi,CorinaO

文献摘要

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创伤性脑损伤通常是由机动车事故和跌倒引起的(Faul等人,2010年,Summers等人,2009年),全世界每年有1000万人受到影响(Hyder等人,2007年),其中大约200万人发生在美国(Goldstein,1990,瑟曼等人,1999,Selassie等人,2008,Faul等人,2010)。在这些患者中,有52,000人死亡(Sosin等人,1995年,Faul等人,2010年),许多人留下了持久的运动和认知障碍,即使不是永久性的,也会持续多年。脑创伤引起的障碍,最常见的是记忆障碍(Horneman和Emanuelson,2009),可能会对生活质量产生持续的不利影响(Binder,1986,Millis等人,2001)。在原发损伤之后,通常包括局灶性挫伤和弥漫性结构损伤,随后发生一系列继发性事件,包括但不限于神经递质改变(Dixon等人,1996,Dixon等人,1997,Yan等人,2002,Massucci等人,2004,Bales等人,2009,Bales等人,2010),炎症(Adelson et al.,1998,氧化应激(Bayir等人,2009,Sparvero等人,2010,Rodríguez-Rodríguez等人,2014)以及线粒体功能障碍(Sullivan等人,2005,Singh等人,2006,Gilmer等人,2009,Hiebert等人,2015)。药物疗法被广泛应用于脑外伤的早期,以防止或减少一些有害的次要影响,然而,在后期阶段也提供了修复方法(Bondi等人,2015)。干细胞移植(Sun,2014)、电刺激(Adkins等人,2008)和各种补充医学方法(McFadden等人,2011,McFadden等人,2012)以及神经康复(Griesbach等人,2008,Griesbach等人,2012,Sozda等人,2010,de Witt等人,2011,摩纳哥等人,2013,Bondi等人,2014,Bondi等人,2015)也被提供用于恢复脑损伤后失去的功能。
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), which often results from motor vehicle accidents and falls (Faul et al., 2010, Summers et al., 2009), affects 10 million individuals worldwide each year (Hyder et al., 2007), with approximately 2 million of those occurring in the United States (Goldstein, 1990, Thurman et al., 1999, Selassie et al., 2008, Faul et al., 2010). Of these, 52,000 die (Sosin et al., 1995, Faul et al., 2010) and many are left with enduring motor and cognitive dysfunctions that persist for years, if not permanently. The disturbances resulting from brain trauma, most commonly memory impairment (Horneman and Emanuelson, 2009), can have sustained adverse effects on the quality of life (Binder, 1986, Millis et al., 2001). Moreover, the economic burden is estimated in the billions of dollars each year and is incurred from hospital care and rehabilitation costs plus lost productivity (Max et al., 1991, Selassie et al., 2008).Following the primary injury, which typically consists of a focal contusion and diffuse structural damage, there is a subsequent cascade of secondary events that include, but are not limited to, neurotransmitter alterations (Dixon et al., 1996, Dixon et al., 1997, Yan et al., 2002, Massucci et al., 2004, Bales et al., 2009, Bales et al., 2010), inflammation (Adelson et al., 1998, Ziebell and Morganti-Kossmann, 2010, Johnson et al., 2013), oxidative stress (Bayir et al., 2009, Sparvero et al., 2010, Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al., 2014), and mitochondrial dysfunction (Sullivan et al., 2005, Singh et al., 2006, Gilmer et al., 2009, Hiebert et al., 2015). Pharmacotherapies are used extensively in TBI early to prevent or reduce some of the deleterious secondary effects, however, they are also provided during later stages as reparative approaches (Bondi et al., 2015). Stem cell implantation (Sun, 2014), electrical stimulation (Adkins et al., 2008), and various complementary medicine approaches (McFadden et al., 2011, McFadden et al., 2012) are also provided to restore lost function after TBI, as is neurorehabilitation (Griesbach et al., 2008, Griesbach et al., 2012, Sozda et al., 2010, de Witt et al., 2011, Monaco et al., 2013, Bondi et al., 2014, Bondi et al., 2015).