Global production, use, and emission volumes of short-chain chlorinated paraffins - A minimum scenario
Global production, use, and emission volumes of short-chain chlorinated paraffins - A minimum scenario
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.105
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发表时间：
2016-12-15
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Hungerbuhler, Konrad
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gluge, Juliane;Wang, Zhanyun;Hungerbuhler, Konrad
短链氯化石蜡具有很高的持久性、生物累积潜力和毒性（PBT特性）。因此，若干国家/区域对生产和使用实行了限制。《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》于2015年承认了短链氯化石蜡的PBT特性和远距离迁移潜力，目前正在评估可能的全球逐步淘汰或限制。在此背景下，了解哪些国家正在生产/使用短链氯化石蜡、其数量以及哪些应用对环境排放贡献最大是很重要的。为了提供第一份全面的概述，我们审查并整合了关于全球氯化石蜡（CP）总体生产和使用以及特别是短链氯化石蜡的所有公开数据。关于氯化石蜡和短链氯化石蜡生产/使用的大量数据缺失。根据现有数据和报告的排放系数，我们估计了过去和目前全球范围内各个应用的短链氯化石蜡排放量。将现有数据作为最低假设情况，我们得出以下结论：（一）短链氯化石蜡的生产和使用正在增加，目前全球生产量至少为165，000吨/年，而全球氯化石蜡总产量超过100万吨/年。(ii)1935年至2012年期间，全世界因生产和使用而向空气、地表水和土壤释放的短链氯化石蜡分别为1 690 - 41，400吨、1 660 - 105，000吨和9 460 - 81，000吨。(iii)短链氯化石蜡的制造和在聚氯乙烯中的使用、在金属加工应用和密封剂/粘合剂中的使用以及在塑料和橡胶中的使用是向空气、地表水和土壤中排放的最大原因。因此，要减少短链氯化石蜡的环境排放，就必须减少短链氯化石蜡在（几乎）所有应用中的使用。(iv)由于缺少相关信息，无法准确估计处置废弃短链氯化石蜡所产生的排放量。相反，我们进行了情景分析，以提供一些见解。（C）2016爱思唯尔B. V.保留所有权利。
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) show high persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity (PBT properties). Consequently, restrictions on production and use have been enforced in several countries/regions. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants recognized the PBT properties and long-range transport potential of SCCPs in 2015 and is now evaluating a possible global phase-out or restrictions. In this context, it is relevant to know which countries are producing/using SCCPs and in which amounts, and which applications contribute most to their environmental emissions. To provide a first comprehensive overview, we review and integrate all publicly available data on the global production and use of both chlorinated paraffins (CPs) as a whole and specifically SCCPs. Considerable amount of data on production/use of CPs and SCCPs are missing. Based on the available data and reported emission factors, we estimate the past and current worldwide SCCP emissions from individual applications. Using the available data as a minimum scenario, we conclude: (i) SCCP production and use is increasing, with the current worldwide production volume being 165,000 t/year at least, whereas the global production of total CPs exceeds 1 million t/year. (ii) The worldwide release of SCCPs from their production and use to air, surface water, and soil between 1935 and 2012 has been in the range of 1690-41,400 t, 1660-105,000 t, and 9460-81,000 t, respectively. (iii) The SCCP manufacture and use in PVC, the use in metal working applications and sealants/adhesives, and the use in plastics and rubber contribute most to the emissions to air, surface water, and soil. Thus, the decrease in the environmental emissions of SCCPs requires reduction of SCCP use in (almost) all applications. (iv) Emissions due to the disposal of waste SCCPs cannot be accurately estimated, because relevant information is missing. Instead, we conduct a scenario analysis to provide some insights into it. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.