ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF “KABU-IDO”, AUTHORIZED ARTESIAN WELLS FOR IRRIGATION, IN TAKASU-WADJU OF NOBI PLAIN
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF “KABU-IDO”, AUTHORIZED ARTESIAN WELLS FOR IRRIGATION, IN TAKASU-WADJU OF NOBI PLAIN
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关于浓尾平原高洲和朱州的授权自流灌溉井“KABU-IDO”的开发
DOI：
10.4157/grj.41.491
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发表时间：
1968
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Y. Matsubara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Y. Matsubara
1.在伊势湾的顶端，由木曾河、长良河和伊比河三条河流组成的三角洲平原，是日本最大的三角洲平原之一。这些河流在三角洲上呈辫状流，形成了许多岛屿，就像以前被天然堤坝包围的地区。这些岛屿状地区通过增加人工堤坝和修改河道，被开发成"Wadu"，即拥有一整套堤坝的封闭地区。高须和州是平原中部最大的一个，人们研究了他们所谓的"卡布伊多"的发展情况，批准了自流威尔斯井，供社区灌溉。瓦朱的自然地形细节如下：它的海拔高度为0 - 3米，东北部较高（超过1米），西南部较低（不到1米），相互对比。2.由于第二次世界大战后的土地改良，水稻农业的劳动生产率通过机械化抽水设施进行灌溉和排水而大大提高。在以前的时代，通常是较高的部分地区遭受干旱，同时较低的部分遭受洪水。除此之外，河水泛滥，堤坝经常决堤，给居民带来了许多困难。由于这些原因，他们花了很大的力气打自流威尔斯井，以获取地下水，供较高部分的稻田和家庭使用，而较低部分的人们，总是遭受太多的水，通过建造他们所说的"堀上田"，通过挖出泥土提高稻田的水平，继续稳定水稻生产。随着地势较高地区的自流威尔斯井数量的增加，排到地势较低地区的水量增加，加剧了深水对水稻的损害。低地居民和高地居民之间自然会就自流威尔斯井的开发问题发生争执，因为自流威尔斯井的利益是完全对立的。谈判的结果是，达成了一项妥协，条件如下：低地区的人民承认那些已经打好的威尔斯井是有一些限制的授权威尔斯井，一方称为"Kabu-Ido"，从这些威尔斯井中受益的较高部分的人将支付维护排水渠和改善其容量的费用，作为对损失的补偿。带电的水从这一观点出发，认为"卡布伊多"是一种基于居民之间关于自流威尔斯井灌溉水及其排放的利益对立和矛盾而产生的社会用水制度。这种矛盾是基于该地区的高度差异。3.在瓦朱地区引进自流威尔斯井最早是在世纪。1852年至1853年，在地势较高的地区发生了大旱灾，他们为了取水而打了许多威尔斯井，这是争论的开始。根据管理灌溉工程的德川中央政府的笠松办公室的调查，1854年记录的自流威尔斯井的数量达到了484口。在居民之间的谈判中，他们同意设定一个为期六年的调查期，以审查这些威尔斯井是继续使用还是废除。出乎意料的是，前三年对水稻生产有利，后三年因天气恶劣而不利。
1. The delta plain of Nobi, one of the great delta plains in Japan, extends at the head of Bay of Ise and is formed by three rivers named the Kiso, the Nagara and the Ibi. These rivers run in braided streams on the delta, forming many islands like areas surrounded by their natural levees in the former times. These islands like areas had been developed into “Wadju”, the enclosed areas with a complete set of levees through adding artificial levees and modification of their river courses. Takasu Wadju, the biggest one located in the middle of the plain, was studied on the development of “Kabu-Ido” as they called, authorized artesian wells for irrigation by the community. The details of natural relief of the Wadju are as following: It has 0-3 meters in height above sealevel and is higher in the northeast portion (more than one meter high) and lower in the south-west portion (less than one meter high), contrasting each other. 2. Due to the recent land improvement taken place after World War II the labor productivity of rice agriculture has considerably been raised by means of water control enabled by mechanized pumping facilities for both irrigation and drainage. In the former times it was usual that the higher portion of the area had been suffered from drought and at the same time the lower portion from flooding. In addition to this, frequent break-downs of the levees by river floods had brought many difficulties to the inhabitants. For these accounts they made great efforts to bore artesian wells to get underground water for rice-fields and domestic use on the higher portion, while the people of the lower, always suffered from too much water, had continued to stabilize rice production by constructing “Horiageda” as they called, through lifting rice-field level higher with mud dug out. As the artesian wells on the higher portion increased its number the increased amount of water discharged to the lower area intensified damages to rice plants due to deep water. It is natural that a dispute on the development of artesian wells had arisen between the inhabitants of the lower area and the higher, because the interest of artesian wells was entirely against each other. As the result of negotiation, a compromise was reached with the following terms that the people of the lower area recognized those wells already established as the authorized wells with some limitations, so called as “Kabu-Ido” on one side, and the people of the higher portion who had obtained benefit from those wells would pay charge for maintaining drainage canal and for improving its capacity as a compensation for the dis- charged water. From this viewpoint “Kabu-Ido” is considered as a kind of social system of water utilization created on the opposition and contradiction of their interests conserning the irrigation water originated from artesian wells and its discharge among the inhabitants. This contradiction was based upon differences in height of the area. 3. The introduction of artesian wells into the Wadju area was at the earliest period of 19 century. It was the beginning of dispute when they bored many wells to get water at the great drought in 1852-1853 on the higher portion. The numbers of artesian wells were recorded so many as to attain to 484 in 1854, according to the investigation of Kasamatsu office belonging to the Central Government of Tokugawa which administered the works of irrigation. In negotiation among the inhabitants they agreed to set an investigation period extending over six years in order to examine whether these wells were to be continued or abolished. Against to their expectation, it was favorable for rice production for the former three years, while it was unfavorable owing to bad weather for the latter three years.