Coping, expectancies, and alcohol abuse: a test of social learning formulations.
Coping, expectancies, and alcohol abuse: a test of social learning formulations.
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DOI：
10.1037//0021-843x.97.2.218
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发表时间：
1988-05
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
M. Cooper;Marcia Russell;W. George
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Cooper;Marcia Russell;W. George
在这一方法的组成部分中，一直缺乏对虐待行为的全面社会学习模式的测试。这里提出的模型假设，酒精滥用可以从一个因果关系链中预测出来，其中包括饮酒和“饮酒以应对”作为近端决定因素，以及一般应对技能和积极的酒精预期作为更远端的决定因素。为了评估这一模型，允许同时考虑其多个决定因素并控制演示影响，路径分析技术被应用于从普通人群样本中提取的问题饮酒者和非问题饮酒者的数据。假设的模型解释了滥用状况的显著差异。饮酒应对成为最有力的预测因素，通过直接和间接途径施加影响。表明避免情绪的应对方式比以问题为中心的应对方式更能预测虐待行为。应对的预测价值受到酒精预期的影响，因此，只有在对酒精的积极强化特性有更大信念的饮酒者中，应对情绪的回避方式才能预测虐待状态。这些发现支持并完善了关于酗酒的社会学习观点。文中考虑了理论和治疗方面的问题。社会学习理论认为，表现出虐待饮酒模式的人在应对日常生活需求的能力和他们对酒精的信念上与“健康”饮酒者不同(艾布拉姆斯和尼亚拉，1987)。根据这一观点，缺乏更适应的应对技能和对酒精影响的积极预期是独立和联合作用的，以促进将饮酒作为一种应对机制。依赖酒精来应对应该会导致更多的饮酒，随着时间的推移，会增加酗酒的风险。这种对酒精滥用的发展和维持的观点严重影响了一系列酒精治疗计划的内容、技术和目标。特别是，传授一般的和特定于酒精的应对技能，以及在较小程度上改变关于酒精影响的观念，是各种治疗方法(例如，社交技能培训)的组成部分。尽管它在治疗领域有着广泛的影响，但尚未对社会学习视角进行全面的检验。本研究检验了一个因果关系模型。
components of this approach, tests of a comprehensive social learning model of abuse have been lacking. The model proposed here postulates that alcohol abuse can be predicted from a causal chain that includes alcohol consumption and "drinking to cope" as proximal determinants and general coping skills and positive alcohol expectancies as more distal determinants. To evaluate this model in a way that permits simultaneous consideration of its multiple determinants and control for demo- graphic influences, path analytic techniques were applied to data from problem and nonproblem drinkers drawn from a general population sample. The hypothesized model accounted for significant variance in abuse status. Drinking to cope emerged as the most powerful predictor, exerting influence via direct and indirect pathways. Coping styles indicative of avoidance of emotion emerged as more important predictors of abuse than problem-focused coping. The predictive value of coping was moderated by alcohol expectancies such that avoidant styles of coping with emotion were predictive of abuse status only among drinkers expressing greater belief in alcohol's positive reinforcing proper- ties. These findings both support and refine the social learning perspective on alcohol abuse. Theoret- ical and treatment implications are considered. Social learning theory posits that people who exhibit abusive patterns of drinking differ from "healthy" drinkers in their abil- ity to cope with the demands of everyday life and in their beliefs about alcohol (Abrams & Niaura, 1987).~ According to this per- spective, deficiencies in more adaptive coping skills and positive expectancies about alcohol's effects operate independently and jointly to promote the use of drinking as a coping mechanism. Reliance on alcohol to cope should lead to heavier drinking and, over time, increase the risk of alcohol abuse. This perspective on the development and maintenance of alcohol abuse has heavily influenced the content, techniques, and goals of a range of alco- hol treatment programs. In particular, the teaching of general and alcohol-specific coping skills, and to a lesser extent the mod- ification of beliefs about the effects of alcohol, are integral com- ponents of various treatment approaches (e.g., social skills training). Despite its widespread influence in the treatment field, no comprehensive test of the social learning perspective has been conducted. The present study tests a causal model de-