Distribution, Temporal Change, and Conservation Status of Tropical Seagrass Beds in Southeast Asia: 2000–2020
Distribution, Temporal Change, and Conservation Status of Tropical Seagrass Beds in Southeast Asia: 2000–2020
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DOI：
10.3389/fmars.2021.637722
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发表时间：
2021-07
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通讯作者：
K. Sudo;T. Quiros;A. Prathep;Cao Van Luong;Hsing‐Juh Lin;J. Bujang;J. L. Ooi;M. Fortes;M. Zakaria;S. M. Yaakub;Yi Mei Tan;Xiaoping Huang;M. Nakaoka
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作者：
K. Sudo;T. Quiros;A. Prathep;Cao Van Luong;Hsing‐Juh Lin;J. Bujang;J. L. Ooi;M. Fortes;M. Zakaria;S. M. Yaakub;Yi Mei Tan;Xiaoping Huang;M. Nakaoka
虽然东南亚是全球海草多样性的热点地区，但在海草床的分布方面存在相当大的信息差距。自2000年以来，环境署-养护监测中心的全球海草数据库中的海草大规模分布情况一直没有更新，尽管在每个区域都对海草进行了深入研究。本文利用2000年以后收集的数据，分析了东南亚（加上中国大陆南部、台湾和日本琉球岛）热带海草床的近期分布、时间变化、衰退原因和保护状况。基于自2000年以来发表的195篇文献，我们确定了1，259个点数据和1，461个多边形数据，显示了海草床的分布。我们的更新数据和UNEP-WCMC数据库中的海草床分布存在很大差异，主要是由于后者的位置信息不准确和分辨率低。对9个国家/地区68个地点的海草床面积的时间变化进行了分析，结果表明，超过60%的海草床面积以10.9%的平均速率下降，而20%的海草床面积以8.1%的平均速率增加，导致总体平均下降4.7%。据报告，造成减少的原因有各种人为威胁，包括沿海开发、渔业/水产养殖以及台风和海啸等自然因素。现有海洋保护区覆盖的海草床百分比在各国/各区域之间差别很大，从文莱达鲁萨兰国和新加坡的不到1%到日本南部的100%。然而，即使在MPA覆盖率较高的地区，保护监管的程度也不够。海草床在EBSA（《生物多样性公约》确定的具有重要生态和生物意义的区域）内的百分比高于海洋保护区内的百分比，因为EBSA覆盖的面积大于海洋保护区。因此，将海草床指定为具有法律效力的海洋保护区可以大大改善东南亚海草床的保护状况。
Although Southeast Asia is a hotspot of global seagrass diversity, there are considerable information gaps in the distribution of seagrass beds. Broad-scale seagrass distribution has not been updated in the global seagrass database by UNEP-WCMC since 2000, although studies on seagrasses have been undertaken intensively in each region. Here we analyze the recent distribution of tropical seagrass beds, their temporal changes, causes of decline and conservation status in Southeast Asia (plus southern mainland China, Taiwan and Ryukyu Island of Japan) using data collected after 2000. Based on the 195 literature published since 2000, we identified 1,259 point data and 1,461 polygon data showing the distribution of seagrass beds. A large discrepancy was found in the seagrass bed distribution between our updated data and the UNEP-WCMC database, mostly due to inaccurate and low resolution location information in the latter. Temporal changes in seagrass bed area analyzed for 68 sites in nine countries/regions demonstrated that more than 60% of seagrass beds declined at an average rate of 10.9% year–1, whereas 20% of beds increased at an average rate of 8.1% year–1, leading to an overall average decline of 4.7% year–1. Various types of human-induced threats were reported as causes for the decline, including coastal development, fisheries/aquaculture, and natural factors such as typhoons and tsunamis. The percentage of seagrass beds covered with existing marine protected areas (MPAs) varied greatly among countries/regions, from less than 1% in Brunei Darussalam and Singapore to 100% in southern Japan. However, the degree of conservation regulation was not sufficient even in regions with higher MPA coverage. The percentage of seagrass beds within EBSAs (Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area determined by the Convention of Biological Diversity) was higher than that within MPAs because EBSAs cover a greater area than MPAs. Therefore, designating EBSAs as legally effective MPAs can greatly improve the conservation status of seagrass beds in Southeast Asia.