Conflict behavior in elite show jumping and dressage horses
Conflict behavior in elite show jumping and dressage horses
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jveb.2014.10.004
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发表时间：
2015-03-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Murphy, Jack
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gorecka-Bruzda, Aleksandra;Kosinska, Izabela;Murphy, Jack
冲突行为（CB）是动物表现出的一种反应，这些动物难以应对精神或身体不适，并且最常表现为对处理或训练线索和/或设备的某种形式的抵抗。在马术运动中，国际马术联合会（FEI）的马匹福利行为准则规定“..马匹只能接受与其体能和成熟度相匹配的训练。“这项研究的目的是确定参加精英马术比赛的马匹中CB的发病率。通过FEI电视传输监测150匹马（在马术障碍赛期间N = 100，在盛装舞步顶级比赛期间N = 50）的行为。我们评估了每匹马中特定CB的发生率，包括头部摇晃，从骑手手中拔出缰绳（PR），张开嘴和比赛期间每秒的尾巴摆动（TS）。在跳跃比赛中，与每种类型的障碍物（栅栏）相关的CB发生率除以同一类型障碍物的总数。在盛装舞步比赛中，与给定盛装舞步运动相关的CB发生除以与运动相关的总时间（以秒为单位的合并持续时间）。还记录了每匹马出现低头位和鼻子位于垂直线后面的时间百分比。数据表明，跳跃和盛装舞步比赛在课程或测试的每秒研究CB的发生率方面存在差异（摇头，P = 0.0279; PR，P < 0.0001; TS，P < 0.0001，和张口，P < 0.0001）。在障碍赛中，PR是最常见的障碍，垂直和组合栅栏是更有问题的障碍。在盛装舞步中，TS是最常见的，而其他CB只是偶尔发生。虽然TS观察到更经常在复杂的盛装舞步运动阶段相比，不太复杂的运动阶段，有没有差异，在发生CB在特定的运动组内的复杂和不太复杂的盛装舞步运动阶段。盛装舞步马在头低位和鼻位在垂直线后的情况下比跳跃马多（P < 0.0001）。头低位时间百分比和垂直方向后鼻位时间百分比均呈正相关（r（s）= 0.50; P = 0.0002），但这些参数与跳跃或盛装舞步中CB的发生之间无相关性。然而，在精英跳跃和盛装舞步比赛中观察到的高CB发生率表明，许多马匹可能没有根据FEI行为准则为比赛做好充分的准备。显然，这可能会导致这些马术学科中的马匹的福利问题。最后，我们建议，发生和/或CB的程度表现出的马匹参加精英跳跃和盛装舞步运动需要进一步审查的FEI行为准则的指导方针。(C)2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Conflict behavior (CB) is a response exhibited by animals that experience difficulty coping with mental or physical discomfort and is most often demonstrated as some form of resistance to handling or training cues and/or equipment. In equestrian sport, Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) code of conduct for the welfare of the horse stipulates that "... horses must only undergo training that matches their physical capabilities and level of maturity for their respective disciplines." The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of CB in horses participating in elite equestrian competition. The behavior of 150 horses (N = 100 during show jumping and N = 50 during dressage top-level competitions) was monitored via FEI TV transmissions. We assessed the occurrence of specific CBs in each horse including head shaking, pulling the reins out of the rider's hands (PR), gaping, and tail swishing (TS) per second during competition. In jumping competitions, the CB occurrence associated with each type of obstacle (fence) was divided by the total number of obstacles of that same type. In dressage competition, CB occurrence associated with a given dressage movement was divided by total time (pooled duration in seconds) associated with the movement. Percentage of the time where each horse presented with low head position and with the nose behind the vertical was also recorded. The data indicated that jumping and dressage competitions differed in the occurrence of studied CB per second of the course or test (head shaking, P = 0.0279; PR, P < 0.0001; TS, P < 0.0001, and gaping, P < 0.0001). In show jumping, PR was most frequent and vertical and combination fences were the more problematic obstacles. In dressage, TS was most frequent, whereas other CBs occurred only sporadically. Although TS was observed significantly more often during the complicated dressage movement phases compared with less complicated movement phases, there were no differences in the occurrence of CB in particular movements within the groups of more and less complicated dressage movement phases. Dressage horses were ridden more often (P < 0.0001) in low head position and with nose behind the vertical compared to show jumping horses. Both the percentage of time with head in low position and the nose behind the vertical were positively correlated (r(s) = 0.50; P = 0.0002) although there was no relationship between these parameters and the occurrence of CB in either jumping or dressage. However, the high incidence of CB observed in elite jumping and dressage competition suggests that many horses may not be sufficiently prepared for competition in line with the FEI code of conduct guidelines. Clearly, this could lead to welfare concerns for the horses within these equestrian disciplines. Finally, we suggest that the occurrence and/or the extent of CB exhibited by horses participating in elite jumping and dressage sport require further scrutiny in terms of the FEI code of conduct guidelines. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.