An interactive, parallel, three-dimensional fast Fourier transform convolution dose calculation using a supercomputer.
An interactive, parallel, three-dimensional fast Fourier transform convolution dose calculation using a supercomputer.
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使用超级计算机进行交互式、并行、三维快速傅里叶变换卷积剂量计算。
DOI：
10.1118/1.597934
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Boyer,AL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McGary,JE;Boyer,AL
德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心MDACC开发了一种用于计算高能光子光束剂量的快速傅里叶变换FFT卷积算法。1,2在MDACC的DEC Alpha 3000/400上，我们发现该算法超过了执行交互式计算所需的计算机周转时间。FFT卷积算法目前用于MDACC的治疗计划；然而，周转时间限制了可能的计划的数量，可以生成执行参数研究涉及多个光束的方向和形状为每个病人。典型的光子剂量计算6464128栅格超过5分钟的周转时间使用Alpha 3000/400工作站数字设备公司，马尔伯勒，马萨诸塞州。在MDACC中实现可接受的交互周转时间的另一种方法是在交互环境中的超级计算机上执行光子剂量计算。超级计算机被设计成在批处理环境中以时间和内存有限的交互模式运行作业，用于程序调试和测试。每个作业的交互响应时间受到在该位置执行的特定系统负载和作业调度的影响，其中允许的交互cpu时间通常在1到10分钟之间，可用内存在2到10百万字之间。由于批调度是由计算机中心建立的，因此可以做出特殊安排，以增加交互使用的用户优先级，限制或两者兼而有之，特别是对于未充分利用的系统。周转时间（相对独立于计算cpu时间并随其变化）应该始终保持较短。尽管处理速度很重要，但它并不是影响多用户计算机环境中交互式应用程序成功的唯一因素。除了周转时间外，还需要足够的数据传输速率来远程显示剂量分布输出或在其传输回治疗计划工作站后显示剂量分布输出。如果计算周期和数据传输时间超过30秒，光子剂量计算将不被认为是MDACC可接受的交互式应用。此外，应确定包括网络在内的整个系统的可靠性和一致性，以评估可能妨碍相互反应的延迟以及这种延迟可能发生的频率。最后，应该评估在交互式环境中使用超级计算机所涉及的费用，以确定这种方法是否可行。作为交互光子剂量计算的测试平台，Cray Y-MP系统已在德克萨斯大学高性能计算系统中心（CHPC）使用。系统通过T1 1.54 mb高速数据链路与MDACC连接。为了测试系统的可行性，开发了几个版本的3-D FFT卷积代码，并在不同的环境中对cpu、周转时间和数据传输时间进行了基准测试。
A fast Fourier transform FFT convolution algorithm to calculate doses delivered from high-energy photon beams has been implemented within a three-dimensional 3-D treatment planning system developed at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center MDACC. 1, 2 On a DEC Alpha 3000/400 at MDACC, we found that this algorithm exceeds the computer turnaround time needed to perform interactive calculations. The FFT convolution algorithm is currently used for treatment planning at MDACC; however, the turnaround time limits the number of possible plans that can be generated to perform parametric studies involving multiple beam orientations and shapes for each patient. Typical photon-dose calculations for a 6464128 grid exceed 5 min turnaround time using an Alpha 3000/400 workstation Digital Equipment Corp., Marlborough, MA. Another approach to achieve acceptable interactive turnaround time at MDACC is to perform photon-dose calculations on a supercomputer in an interactive environment. Supercomputers are designed to run jobs in a batch environment in a time-and memory-limited interactive mode for program debugging and testing. The interactive response times per job are influenced by the specific system load and job scheduling performed at the location where allowable interactive cpu times typically range from 1 to 10 min and available memory is between two and ten megawords MW. Since batch scheduling is established by the computer center, special arrangements may be made to increase user priority, limits or both for interactive use, especially for underutilized systems. Turnaround time, which is relatively independent of and variable from computational cpu time, should be consistently short. Although processing speed is important, it is not the only factor contributing to the success of an interactive application in a multiuser computer environment. In addition to turnaround time, adequate data transfer rates are required to display dose distribution output remotely or after it is transferred back to the treatment-planning workstation. If the combined computation turnaround and data transfer time is longer than 30 s, the photon-dose calculation will not be considered an acceptable interactive application at MDACC. Furthermore, the reliability and consistency of the complete system, including the network, should be determined to assess delays that might prevent interactive response and how frequently such delays might occur. Finally, the expense involved in using a supercomputer in an interactive environment should be evaluated to determine if this approach is feasible.As a testbed for interactive photon-dose calculations, a Cray Y-MP system has been used at The University of Texas System Center of High Performance Computing CHPC. The system is connected to MDACC via a T1 1.54 Mbs high-speed data link. To test the viability of the system, several versions the 3-D FFT convolution dose code have been developed, and benchmarks for cpu, turnaround, and data transfer times have been conducted in different environments.
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影响因子：
3.8
作者：
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通讯作者：
SIDDON, RL
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影响因子：
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作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
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通讯作者：
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