High‐Performance Fully Printable Perovskite Solar Cells via Blade‐Coating Technique under the Ambient Condition
High‐Performance Fully Printable Perovskite Solar Cells via Blade‐Coating Technique under the Ambient Condition
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DOI：
10.1002/aenm.201500328
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发表时间：
2015-07
影响因子：
27.8
通讯作者：
Zhibin Yang;Chu‐Chen Chueh;Fan Zuo;Jong H. Kim;Po-Wei Liang;A. Jen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Zhibin Yang;Chu‐Chen Chueh;Fan Zuo;Jong H. Kim;Po-Wei Liang;A. Jen
为了制造大面积PVSC，关键挑战之一是了解周围环境对所得钙钛矿薄膜的影响，因为钙钛矿晶体在周围条件下对湿度敏感。已经表明，钙钛矿晶体在与环境水分接触一定时间时逐渐降解。[31，32]因此，大多数高性能钙钛矿太阳能电池都是在手套箱中制备的，以避免接触水分。然而，如果我们希望从实验室研究过渡到大规模应用，在环境条件下制造PVSC是不可避免的。最近，有几个令人鼓舞的报告，允许有限量的水分，以促进钙钛矿结晶和提高所得器件的性能。[33，34]然而，到目前为止，还没有详细解释水分如何影响钙钛矿结晶的潜在机制。为了缓解这些问题，我们研究了在环境条件下通过刮刀涂布技术实现完全可印刷的PVSC的可行性。刮刀涂布法是一种简单、环保、低成本的溶液法制备有机太阳能电池的方法。与丝网印刷相比，它不仅可以印刷纳米颗粒，而且可以印刷任何浓度的各种溶液。此外，刮刀涂布方法的膜形态控制比喷涂和卷对卷印刷好得多;通过在具有受控相对湿度的环境条件下使用精确平移的刮刀，可以实现具有可控厚度的高质量光活性层。制备了具有ITO/聚（3，4-亚乙基二氧噻吩）：聚（4-苯乙烯磺酸盐）（PEDOT：PSS）/ CH 3 NH 3 PbI X Cl 3− X /[6，6]-苯基-C 61丁酸甲酯（PC 61 BM）/Bis-C 60 /Ag构型的PVSC，以实现完全可印刷的工艺，如图1a所示。除了Ag顶部电极之外，所有组成夹层都通过刮涂来制备。优化了涂覆条件以允许制备高质量的层间膜。特别地，仔细研究和监测湿度的影响以促进钙钛矿膜在环境条件下的结晶。最后，通过优化叶片镀膜工艺和环境相对湿度，获得了高PCE（10.44% ± 0.23%）的器件。此外，首次使用这种低温（<150 °C）完全可印刷工艺证明了PCE为7.14% ± 0.31%的高性能柔性PVSC。有机-无机卤化物钙钛矿（如CH 3 NH3 PbX 3（X = Cl，Br，或I））具有优异的光伏性能，近年来引起了研究者的极大关注。[ 1-8 ]这些钙钛矿的有前途的特性包括宽而强的吸收光谱，[ 9 ]适当的半导体特性，[ 10 ]长的载流子扩散长度，[11，12]
In order to fabricate large-area PVSCs, one of the critical challenges is to understand the infl uence of ambient environment on resultant perovskite thin-fi lms since perovskite crystals are sensitive to humidity under ambient condition. It has been shown that perovskite crystals degrade gradually when they are in contact with ambient moisture for certain time. [ 31,32 ] Therefore, most of the high performance perovskite solar cells are prepared in glovebox to avoid contacting moisture. However, fabricating PVSCs under ambient condition is inevitable if we desire to transition from laboratory research into large-scale applications. Lately, there are several encouraging reports about allowing limited amount of moisture to facilitate the perovskite crystallization and improve the performance of resulting device. [ 33,34 ] However, there are no detailed underlying mechanisms explained on how moisture affects perovskite crystallization so far. To alleviate these problems, we have investigated the feasibility of achieving fully printable PVSCs by the blade-coating technique under the ambient condition. The blade-coating fabrication has been widely used to fabricate OSCs and is proven to be a simple, environment-friendly, and low-cost method for the solution-processed photovoltaic. Compared to the screen printing, it not only can print nanoparticles, but also can print all kinds of solutions with any concentration. Moreover, the fi lm morphology control of the blade-coating method is much better than the spray coating and roll-to-roll printing; high-quality photoactive layers with controllable thickness can be accomplished by using a precisely translational blade under the ambient condition with controlled relative humidity. The PVSCs with a confi guration of ITO/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/ CH 3 NH 3 PbI X Cl 3− X /[6,6]-phenyl-C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM)/Bis-C 60 /Ag were fabricated to realize the fully printable process, as illustrated in Figure 1 a. All constituent interlayers, except for the Ag top electrode, were prepared via blade-coating. The coating conditions were optimized to allow the preparation of high-quality interlayer fi lms. Especially, the effect of humidity was carefully investigated and monitored to facilitate the crystallization of perovskite fi lms under ambient condition. Finally, high PCE (10.44% ± 0.23%) device could be achieved after optimizing the blade-coating process and relative humidity in environment. Moreover, a high-performance fl exible PVSC with a PCE of 7.14% ± 0.31% was demonstrated for the fi rst time using this low-temperature (<150 °C) fully printable process. The exceptional photovoltaic properties demonstrated recently for organic–inorganic halide perovskites (such as CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, or I)) have attracted great attention from researchers. [ 1–8 ] The promising features of these perovskites include broad and intense absorption spectra, [ 9 ] appropriate semiconducting properties, [ 10 ] long carrier diffusion length, [ 11,12 ]