Export Credit Agencies and Global Energy: Promoting National Exports in a Changing World
Export Credit Agencies and Global Energy: Promoting National Exports in a Changing World
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出口信贷机构和全球能源：在不断变化的世界中促进国家出口
DOI：
10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00132.x
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Christopher M. Wright
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Christopher M. Wright
摘要
本文介绍了出口信贷机构（ECA）作为国际贸易和全球能源发展的高度影响力的行为者。在能源部门，官方出口融资刺激了与能源有关的技术的国际贸易，促进了政治风险高的国家的能源开发。出口信贷机构之间的恶性竞争导致各国政府和其他行为者要求进行国际治理。本文探讨了国际规则的起源和有效性，并确定了目前以经合组织为中心的治理安排面临的三大挑战。首先，来自非经合组织国家的出口信贷机构的影响力越来越大，对经合组织作为谈判规则的机构场所的合法性和有效性提出了挑战。第二，作为出口信贷机构任务和业务基础的国家经济目标与其全球影响之间的关系日益紧张。第三，由于官方出口融资绝大多数有利于大规模的碳密集型能源开发，许多出口信贷机构被批评破坏了发展中国家走上更可持续能源道路的努力。文章对根本性改革的前景感到悲观，由于使官方出口融资与全球政策目标保持一致可能需要各国政府从根本上改变出口信贷机构作为促进国家出口的工具的效力受到损害。
政策影响
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非经合组织国家在官方出口融资国际市场上的影响力日益增强，这将产生政府和其他利益攸关方对国际规则的新需求。
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鉴于出口信贷机构的全球影响，各国政府将越来越难以摆脱压力，使其任务和活动与更广泛的可持续发展目标保持一致。
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官方出口融资在能源部门的作用表明，减缓全球气候变化在多大程度上需要更好地整合国际贸易和气候政策。
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随着越来越多的国家建立ECA，就国际规则达成共识将变得越来越困难。
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官方出口融资在有利于石油、天然气和煤炭发电出口的同时，降低了发展中国家大规模矿物燃料能源开发的资本成本。
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出口国和进口国有利于清洁技术和可再生能源公司的财政和监管政策将加速能源部门官方出口融资的"绿化"。
Abstract
This article introduces export credit agencies (ECAs) as highly influential actors in international trade and global energy development. In the energy sector, official export financing stimulates international trade in energy-related technologies and promotes energy development in countries associated with high political risk. Adverse competition between ECAs has produced a demand among governments and other actors for international governance. The article explores the origins and effectiveness of international rules, and identifies three challenges to the current OECD-centred governance arrangements. First, the growing influence of ECAs from non-OECD countries is challenging the legitimacy and effectiveness of the OECD as an institutional venue for negotiating rules. Second, there are growing tensions between the national economic objectives that underpin the mandates and operations of ECAs, and their global implications. And third, as official export financing overwhelmingly benefits large-scale, carbon-intensive energy development, a number of ECAs have been criticized for undermining efforts to place developing countries on a more sustainable energy path. The article is pessimistic about the prospect of fundamental reform, as aligning official export financing with global policy objectives may require governments to enact fundamental changes to the mandates and structures of ECAs that compromise their effectiveness as instruments of national export promotion.
Policy Implications
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The growing influence of non-OECD countries in the international market for official export financing will generate new demands for international rules from governments and other stakeholders.
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Given the global impacts of ECAs, it will become increasingly difficult for governments to insulate themselves from pressures to align their mandates and activities with broader sustainable development objectives.
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The role of official export financing in the energy sector demonstrates the extent to which mitigating global climate change requires a better integration of international trade and climate policy.
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As more and more countries establish ECAs, it will become increasingly difficult to reach a consensus on international rules.
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When benefiting exports related to oil, gas and coal-based power generation, official export financing reduces the capital costs of large-scale fossil fuel-based energy development in developing countries.
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The ‘greening’ of official export financing in the energy sector would be accelerated by fiscal and regulatory policies in both exporting and importing countries that are favourable to clean technology and renewable energy companies.