A comparison of snack serving sizes to USDA guidelines in healthy weight and overweight minority preschool children enrolled in Head Start.
A comparison of snack serving sizes to USDA guidelines in healthy weight and overweight minority preschool children enrolled in Head Start.
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DOI：
10.1186/s40608-016-0116-2
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jen KL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Charvet A;Brogan Hartlieb K;Yeh Y;Jen KL
肥胖对低收入家庭以及少数种族和族裔儿童的影响尤为严重。尽管众所周知，吃零食是能量和营养摄入的重要饮食方式，尤其是对于幼儿来说，但吃零食和体重状况之间的关系仍不清楚。这项试点研究的目的是检查密歇根州底特律四个中心参加启蒙计划的少数族裔学龄前儿童的零食摄入量，并调查儿童体重状况的差异。这项二次数据分析使用了零食时间食物观察和人体测量数据，这些数据来自 55 名非裔美国儿童（44% 是女孩，平均年龄 = 3.8 岁）的方便样本。零食摄入量数据是通过营养实习生对儿童的直接观察平均 5 天获得的，随后根据美国农业部 (USDA) 的膳食模式转换为食物组份量，并计算每个儿童的平均值。系统地收集身高和体重测量数据，并使用年龄别体重指数百分位数将儿童分为体重类别。进行一个样本、配对样本和独立样本 t 检验来测试平均值内和平均值之间的差异。根据年龄别 BMI 百分位，72.7% 的样本体重不足/健康，27.3% 的样本超重/肥胖。牛奶（0.76±±0.34）和整体水果/蔬菜（0.77±±0.34）的平均（平均值±SD）摄入量显着低于美国农业部一份服务，而谷物和面包（2.04±±0.89）、肉类/肉类替代品（2.20±±1.89）和肉类的平均摄入量其他食品 (1.43±1.08) 显着高于美国农业部一份 (p≤≤0.05)。与新鲜水果相比，儿童吃罐头水果时吃得更多（0.93±0.57 vs. 0.65±0.37，p=0.007）。除了超重/肥胖组的牛奶摄入量显着高于体重不足/健康组（0.86 ± 0.48 vs. 0.72 ± 0.27，p = 0.021）之外，零食摄入量与体重类别之间没有发现任何关系。只有在超重/肥胖组中，牛奶和新鲜水果的摄入量与美国农业部一份份量没有显着差异。研究结果表明，无论低收入少数族裔学龄前儿童在提供不太健康的零食与更健康的零食时会消耗更大的份量。应继续努力在学前机构提供健康的零食，以预防肥胖并促进更健康的饮食习惯。
Obesity disproportionately affects children from low-income families and those from racial and ethnic minorities. The relationship between snacking and weight status remains unclear, although snacking is known to be an important eating episode for energy and nutrient intake particularly in young children. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the snack intake of minority preschool children enrolled in the Head Start Program in four centers in Detroit, Michigan, and investigate differences by child weight status. This secondary data analysis used snack time food observation and anthropometric data from a convenience sample of 55 African American children (44 % girls, mean age = 3.8 years). Snack intake data was obtained over a mean of 5 days through direct observation of children by dietetic interns, and later converted into food group servings according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) meal patterns and averaged for each child. Height and weight measurements were systematically collected and BMI-for-age percentiles were used to classify children into weight categories. One sample, paired samples and independent samples t-tests were performed to test for differences within and between means. Based on BMI-for-age percentiles, 72.7 % of the sample was under/healthy weight and 27.3 % was overweight/obese. Average (mean ± SD) intake of milk (0.76 ± 0.34) and overall fruits/vegetables (0.77 ± 0.34) was significantly lower than one USDA serving, while average intake of grains and breads (2.04 ± 0.89), meat/meat alternates (2.20 ± 1.89) and other foods (1.43 ± 1.08) was significantly higher than one USDA serving (p ≤ 0.05). Children ate more when offered canned versus fresh fruits (0.93 ± 0.57 vs. 0.65 ± 0.37, p = 0.007). Except for a significantly higher milk intake in the overweight/obese group compared to the under/healthy weight group (0.86 ± 0.48 vs. 0.72 ± 0.27, p = 0.021], no relationship was found between snack food intake and weight category. Only in the overweight/obese group was the intake of milk and fresh fruits not significantly different than one USDA serving. Findings suggest that regardless of weight status low-income minority preschool children are consuming larger serving sizes when offered less healthy versus healthier snack foods. Continued efforts should be made to provide healthful snack foods at preschool settings to prevent obesity and promote healthier food habits.