Transitions of social-ecological subsistence systems in the Arctic
Transitions of social-ecological subsistence systems in the Arctic
复制标题
北极社会生态生存系统的转变
DOI：
10.18352/ijc.698
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Clark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Fauchald;V. Hausner;Jennifer I. Schmidt;D. Clark
社会生态系统的转型使治理系统面临新的挑战。在北极地区尤其如此，那里的资源系统日益受到全球变暖、工业发展和全球化的影响，从而改变了当地的社会经济地位动态。基于公共池资源理论，我们开发了一个动态的概念模型，解释如何外生驱动器可能会改变传统的生计系统从供应到拨款行动的情况。在供应行动的情况下，资源使用者不控制资源水平，但适应波动的资源可用性，集体的挑战围绕着确保社区的生存。增加收获的压力，使外源驱动器可以转换的SES拨款行动的情况下，集体的挑战已经改变，以避免过度使用的共同池资源。该模型被用来作为一个焦点透镜，以调查在北极阿拉斯加，加拿大和格陵兰岛的生存为导向的SES的大规模过渡的前提。我们综合了来自文献、官方统计、灰色和科学文献的数据，以探索我们模型的不同组成部分。我们的综合表明，传统的北极生存SES大多符合供应行动的情况。尽管人口增长和可用的技术;城市化，工资劳动力的增加和食品进口减少了资源需求，我们没有发现证据表明整个西北极地区的大规模过渡到拨款行动的情况。然而，在某些情况下，由于资源的商业化或各种外部驱动因素导致资源库存严重减少，出现了批款短缺的挑战。未来的社会经济地位的转变可能会引发商业性的地方粮食市场和北极变暖的出现。特别是，北极变暖是一个不断加剧的外部驱动因素，威胁到许多重要的北极野生动物资源，对当地收获的治理造成越来越大的占用挑战。
Transitions of social-ecological systems (SES) expose governance systems to new challenges. This is particularly so in the Arctic where resource systems are increasingly subjected to global warming, industrial development and globalization which subsequently alter the local SES dynamics. Based on common-pool resource theory, we developed a dynamic conceptual model explaining how exogenous drivers might alter a traditional subsistence system from a provisioning to an appropriation actions situation. In a provisioning action situation the resource users do not control the resource level but adapt to the fluctuating availability of resources, and the collective challenge revolve around securing the subsistence in the community. An increased harvest pressure enabled by exogenous drivers could transform the SES to an appropriation action situation where the collective challenge has changed to avoid overuse of a common-pool resource. The model was used as a focal lens to investigate the premises for broad-scale transitions of subsistence-oriented SESs in Arctic Alaska, Canada and Greenland. We synthesized data from documents, official statistics and grey and scientific literature to explore the different components of our model. Our synthesis suggests that the traditional Arctic subsistence SESs mostly comply with a provisioning action situation. Despite population growth and available technology; urbanization, increased wage labor and importation of food have reduced the resource demand, and we find no evidence for a broad-scale transition to an appropriation action situation throughout the Western Arctic. However, appropriation challenges have emerged in some cases either as a consequence of commercialization of the resource or by severely reduced resource stocks due to various exogenous drivers. Future transitions of SESs could be triggered by the emergence of commercial local food markets and Arctic warming. In particular, Arctic warming is an intensifying exogenous driver that is threatening many important Arctic wildlife resources inflicting increased appropriation challenges to the governance of local harvest.
因纽特人传统知识与科学知识之间的冲突。
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2002
期刊：
Conflict over Marine Resources. (T.Akimichi and N.Kishigami eds.) (Jinbun-syoin)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Omura;Keiichi
通讯作者：
Keiichi
【常见问题，容易被忽视的疾病】高脂血症
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2010
期刊：
Modern Physician
影响因子：
--
作者：
Arai H;Ishibashi S;Bujo H;Hayashi T;Yamada N.;et al.;大西弘高;小泉順二
通讯作者：
小泉順二