Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia
Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.076
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发表时间：
2007-03-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Lips, P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lips, P.
欧洲、中东和亚洲各国的维生素 D 状况存在很大差异。在本综述中，维生素 D 缺乏症定义为血清 25-羟基维生素 D (25(OH)D) < 25 nmol/l。在欧洲国家，2-30% 的成年人血清 25(OH)D 低于 25 nmol/l，在老年人中有所增加，在一些研究中，住院机构中这一比例已超过 80%。 Euronut 和 MORE 研究中观察到血清 25(OH)D 存在南北梯度，斯堪的纳维亚半岛的水平较高，而意大利、西班牙和一些东欧国家的水平较低。这表明除了阳光之外还有其他决定因素，例如营养、食品强化和补充剂的使用。斯堪的纳维亚半岛的平均维生素 D 摄入量为 200-400 IU/天，是其他欧洲国家的两倍。据报道，中东地区的血清 25(OH)D 水平极低，例如土耳其、黎巴嫩、约旦和伊朗。在这些国家，女性血清 25(OH)D 水平低于男性，并且与衣着习惯有关。在黎巴嫩的一项调查中，大多数人都缺乏维生素 D，并且主要发生在戴面纱的女性身上。在印度，超过 30% 的人缺乏维生素 D，学童、孕妇和大城市的维生素 D 状况较差。马来西亚和新加坡的维生素 D 状况要好得多，但日本和中国的血清 25(OH)D 水平较低。佝偻病和骨软化症在印度似乎很常见，但缺乏准确的数据。来自中东和亚洲的欧洲移民存在维生素 D 缺乏的高风险，其中孕妇的风险尤其高。血清 25(OH)D 测量值的实验室间差异阻碍了各国维生素 D 状况的比较。此外，还需要基于人口的数据。总之，维生素 D 缺乏症在南欧、中东、印度、中国和日本很常见。在北欧和东南亚不太常见。危险群体是幼儿、老人、孕妇和欧洲的非西方移民。重要的决定因素包括皮肤类型、性别、服装、营养、食品强化、补充剂的使用、体重指数和城市化程度。 (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Vitamin D status is highly different in various countries of Europe, the Middle East and Asia. For this review, vitamin D deficiency is defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) < 25 nmol/l. Within European countries, serum 25(OH)D is < 25 nmol/l in 2-30% of adults, increasing in the elderly and institutionalized to more than 80% in some studies. A north-south gradient was observed for serum 25(OH)D in the Euronut and MORE studies with higher levels in Scandinavia and lower levels in Italy and Spain and some Eastern European countries. This points to other determinants than sunshine, e.g. nutrition, food fortification and supplement use. Mean vitamin D intake in Scandinavia is 200-400 IU/d, twice that in other European countries. Very low serum 25(OH)D levels have been reported in the Middle East, e.g. Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Iran. In these countries serum 25(OH)D was lower in women than in men and associated with clothing habits. In a Lebanese survey, vitamin D deficiency was observed in the majority and occurred mainly in veiled women. In India, vitamin D deficiency was observed in more than 30%, vitamin D status being poor in school children, pregnant women and large cities. Vitamin D status was much better in Malaysia and Singapore, but lower serum 25(OH)D was observed in Japan and China. Rickets and osteomalacia appear quite common in India, but precise data are lacking. Immigrants in Europe from the Middle East and Asia carry a high risk for vitamin D deficiency, pregnant women being especially at risk. Comparison of vitamin D status between countries is hampered by interlaboratory variation of serum 25(OH)D measurement. In addition, there is a need of population-based data. In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is common in Southern Europe, the Middle East, India, China and Japan. It is less common in Northern Europe and Southeast Asia. Risk groups are young children, the elderly, pregnant women and non-western immigrants in Europe. Important determinants are skin type, sex, clothing, nutrition, food fortification, supplement use, BMI and degree of urbanization. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.