Over-Qualified or Under-Skilled: A Review of Existing Literature
Over-Qualified or Under-Skilled: A Review of Existing Literature
复制标题
资质过高或技能不足：现有文献回顾
DOI：
10.1787/5kg58j9d7b6d-en
复制
发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Quintini
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Quintini
在经合组织国家，工人的能力和他们的工作要求之间的不匹配很普遍。以资历作为能力指标的研究表明，多达四分之一的员工可能资历过高，三分之一的员工可能资历不足。然而，不同国家和社会人口群体的情况有很大差异。我们对各国研究的荟萃分析表明，瑞典超过35%的工人资历过高，而芬兰只有10%，其他大多数经合组织国家介于这两个极端之间。还有大量证据表明，年轻人比年长的同龄人更有可能资历过高，与一国国民相比，移民工人的情况也是如此。另一方面，还没有找到资格错配持续存在的确凿证据，一些论文表明，资格过度只是一种暂时现象，大多数员工通过职业流动克服了这一现象，其他人则发现在过度资格和良好工作匹配之间很少有过渡。总体而言，过度合格的工人的收入低于同等资质和匹配的同行，但高于从事相同工作的适当合格的工人。研究发现，在从事相同工作的情况下，资质不足的工人比同等资质、匹配程度高的工人挣得更多，但低于资历适中的工人。…还发现，与资历相同的匹配良好的员工相比，资历过高的员工对工作不太满意，更有可能离职。
Mismatches between workers’ competences and what is required by their job are widespread in OECD countries. Studies that use qualifications as proxies for competences suggest that as many as one in four workers could be over-qualified and as many as one in three could be under-qualified for their job. However, there is significant variation across countries and socio-demographic groups. Our meta-analysis of country studies suggests that over 35% of workers are over-qualified in Sweden compared with just 10% in Finland, with most other OECD countries located between these two extremes. There is also extensive evidence that youth are more likely to be over-qualified than their older counterparts and the same is found to be true for immigrant workers compared with a country’s nationals. On the other hand, no definitive evidence has been found of the persistence of qualification mismatch, with some papers showing that over-qualification is just a temporary phenomenon that most workers overcome through career mobility and others finding infrequent transitions between over-qualification and good job matches. Across the board, over-qualified workers are found to earn less than their equally-qualified and well-matched counterparts but more than appropriately-qualified workers doing the same job. Under-qualified workers are found to earn more than their equally-qualified and well-matched counterparts but less than appropriately-qualified workers doing the same job. Over-qualified workers are also found to be less satisfied about their job and more likely to leave their work than well-matched workers with the same qualifications….