Axonal Transport
Axonal Transport
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4939-3474-4_14
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Brown, Anthony
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brown, Anthony
轴突是神经元的细长圆柱形突起，使这些细胞能够与体内的其他细胞进行长距离直接通信，在大型动物中可达一米或更长。然而，值得注意的是，大多数轴突成分起源于轴突一端的神经细胞体，并且必须通过细胞内运动机制沿着轴突运出。此外，来自轴突及其环境的信号必须被传送回神经细胞体，以调节出站流量的性质和组成。从细胞体向轴突尖端的向外运动称为顺行运输，而相反方向的运动，即回到细胞体，称为逆行运输。这种双向运输，统称为轴突运输，与神经元其他部分或任何真核细胞中的大分子和膜运输途径没有根本区别，但维持这些长过程所需的运输量和规模是独一无二的。
Axons are long slender cylindrical projections of neurons that enable these cells to communicate directly with other cells in the body over long distances, up to a meter or more in large animals. Remarkably, however, most axonal components originate in the nerve cell body, at one end of the axon, and must be shipped out along the axon by mechanisms of intracellular motility. In addition, signals from the axon and its environment must be conveyed back to the nerve cell body to modulate the nature and composition of the outbound traffic. The outward movement from the cell body toward the axon tip is called anterograde transport and the movement in the opposite direction, back toward the cell body, is called retrograde transport. This bidirectional transport, known collectively as axonal transport, is not fundamentally different from the pathways of macromolecular and membrane traffic found in other parts of the neuron, or indeed in any eukaryotic cell, but it is unique for the volume and scale of the traffic required to maintain these long processes.