Helpful or a Hindrance: Co-infections with Helminths During Malaria
Helpful or a Hindrance: Co-infections with Helminths During Malaria
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_5
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Specht, Sabine
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Layland, Laura E.;Specht, Sabine
在资源贫乏的热带社区，寄生虫感染是造成疾病负担的重要原因。这些慢性病不仅导致发病率和死亡率上升，而且也影响到国家的总体财富。然而，仅仅是感染的存在和严重程度就可能导致营养不良、贫血、学习成绩差和发育迟缓。值得庆幸的是，这些问题在关于公共卫生的讨论中变得越来越突出，随着诊断方法的不断改进，很明显，在欠发达的农村地区，同时发生的多寄生虫病仍然很突出。多寄生的风险因素和后果似乎取决于多种因素，包括性别、年龄、地理环境、感染强度和宿主的总体身体健康状况。由于疾病传播的生态要求相似，疟原虫和蠕虫的合并感染很普遍，并对寄生虫病、贫血和肝脾肿大产生强烈影响。然而，尽管大多数研究都认为蛔虫“帮助”而钩虫“阻碍”，但它们之间的绝对影响仍然不清楚。潜在的病因还需要进一步调查，但据推测，强大的Th2和蠕虫诱导的调节网络控制疟疾诱导的促炎反应。本章概述了我们目前对寄生虫，如寄生虫和丝虫，如何影响流行地区的疟原虫感染的认识。此外，我们提供了一个概述的免疫机制，已阐明在适当的共同感染啮齿动物模型。如果我们未来的目标是帮助遭受严重贫困的个人，那么就必须考虑他们生活方式的各个方面，包括多重寄生负担的不幸健康负担。此外，了解寄生虫的影响将提供更适当的控制措施，包括在特定流行地区的经济和生态因素的关键变化，并可能揭示，没有一个手套适合所有。
A significant proportion of disease burden in resource poor tropical communities is due to parasitic infections. Such chronic ailments not only result in higher rates of morbidity and mortality but effects the overall wealth of the country too. Nevertheless, simply the presence and intensity of infection can lead to malnutrition, anaemia, poor school performances and stunted growth. Thankfully, such issues are becoming prominent in discussions about public health and with the continual improvement in diagnostics it is clear that concurrent polyparasitism remains prominent in underdeveloped rural areas. The risk factors and consequences of polyparasitism appear to depend on a multitude of factors including gender, age, geographical setting, infection intensity and the host’s overall physical health. Co-infections ofPlasmodiumand helminths are widespread due to the similarities in ecological requirements for disease transmission and strongly influence parasitaemia, anaemia and hepatosplenomegaly. The absolute influence on one another however remains unclear although most studies agree that ascariasis “helps” and hookworms “hinder.” The underlying aetiology also requires further investigation but it is hypothesized that the strong Th2 and regulatory networks induced by the helminths control malaria-induced pro-inflammatory reactions. This chapter surveys our current understanding about how helminths, such as schistosomes and filariae, influencePlasmodiuminfection in endemic areas. In addition, we provide an overview about the immune mechanisms that have been elucidated in appropriate co-infection rodent models. If our future goals are to assist individuals suffering from severe poverty, then it is essential to consider all aspects of their life-styles including the unfortunate health burden of multiple parasitic burden. Furthermore, understanding the influence of parasites will provide more appropriate control measures that include critical variations in economic and ecological factors in a particular endemic area and may reveal that not one glove fits all.