Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds
Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds
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DOI：
10.1038/nature20563
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发表时间：
2016-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Kempenaers, Bart
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bulla, Martin;Valcu, Mihai;Kempenaers, Bart
生物体的行为节奏被认为是在强烈的选择下，受到环境节奏的影响（1-4）。在实验室条件下，这种行为节奏在孤立的个体中得到了很好的研究（1，5），但自由生活的个体必须在时间上与其他人同步，包括潜在的配偶，竞争对手，猎物和捕食者（6-10）。个体可以暂时隔离他们的日常活动（例如，猎物避开捕食者，下级避开优势动物）或同步他们的活动（例如，群体觅食，共同防御，成对繁殖或照顾后代）（6- 9，11）。从这种社会同步中出现的行为节奏以及塑造它们的潜在进化和生态驱动因素仍然知之甚少（5- 7，9）。在这里，我们在双亲照顾的背景下调查这些节奏，这是社会同步的一个特别敏感的阶段（12），其中成对成员可能会损害他们的个人节奏。使用数据从729巢的91个种群的32 bipartally孵化滨鸟物种，父母同步，以实现连续覆盖的发展中的鸡蛋，我们报告显着的内部和种间多样性的孵化节奏。在物种之间，一个父母的孵化回合的中位数长度从1-19小时不等，而期间长度-父母的概率孵化周期之间的最高值和最低值的时间-从6-43小时不等。孵化回合的长度是无关的变量反映精力充沛的需求，但物种依赖于crypsis（避免被其他动物检测的能力）有更长的孵化回合比那些容易看到或积极保护自己的巢免受捕食者。24小时的光暗周期的节奏是不太普遍，在高纬度和缺席的18种。我们的研究结果表明，即使在类似的环境条件下，尽管24小时的环境线索，社会同步可以产生更多样化的行为节奏比预期的研究中的个人在圈养（5- 7，9）。捕食的风险，而不是饥饿的风险，可能是这些节奏多样性的关键因素。
The behavioural rhythms of organisms are thought to be under strong selection, influenced by the rhythmicity of the environment(1-4). Such behavioural rhythms are well studied in isolated individuals under laboratory conditions(1,5), but free-living individuals have to temporally synchronize their activities with those of others, including potential mates, competitors, prey and predators(6-10). Individuals can temporally segregate their daily activities (for example, prey avoiding predators, subordinates avoiding dominants) or synchronize their activities (for example, group foraging, communal defence, pairs reproducing or caring for offspring)(6-9,11). The behavioural rhythms that emerge from such social synchronization and the underlying evolutionary and ecological drivers that shape them remain poorly understood(5-7,9). Here we investigate these rhythms in the context of biparental care, a particularly sensitive phase of social synchronization(12) where pair members potentially compromise their individual rhythms. Using data from 729 nests of 91 populations of 32 biparentally incubating shorebird species, where parents synchronize to achieve continuous coverage of developing eggs, we report remarkable within-and between-species diversity in incubation rhythms. Between species, the median length of one parent's incubation bout varied from 1-19 h, whereas period length-the time in which a parent's probability to incubate cycles once between its highest and lowest value-varied from 6-43 h. The length of incubation bouts was unrelated to variables reflecting energetic demands, but species relying on crypsis (the ability to avoid detection by other animals) had longer incubation bouts than those that are readily visible or who actively protect their nest against predators. Rhythms entrainable to the 24-h light-dark cycle were less prevalent at high latitudes and absent in 18 species. Our results indicate that even under similar environmental conditions and despite 24-h environmental cues, social synchronization can generate far more diverse behavioural rhythms than expected from studies of individuals in captivity(5-7,9). The risk of predation, not the risk of starvation, may be a key factor underlying the diversity in these rhythms.