Individual versus pseudo-repeatability in behaviour: Lessons from translocation experiments in a wild insect
Individual versus pseudo-repeatability in behaviour: Lessons from translocation experiments in a wild insect
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2656.12688
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发表时间：
2017-09-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Dingemanse, Niels J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Niemelae, Petri T.;Dingemanse, Niels J.
1.重复性是生态学和进化研究中的一个关键参数。重复性是由发育可塑性和遗传变异的基础，但可能会因为个体对环境的可塑性反应的可重复差异而变得偏向向上。后一种机制引起的向上偏差的程度（引起“伪重复性”）是重要的，但在生态学研究中很少研究。我们反复分析了一个关键的行为（飞行起始距离）影响寿命的野生蟋蟀种群（蟋蟀）。我们使用自然移动、易位和强迫固定的个体来研究环境条件的空间变异性引起的重复性偏差。我们的实验承认，如果动物对处理程序（易位的必要组成部分）有反应，易位本身可能会使重复性估计产生偏差。因此，个体要么（i）重复易位和测定，要么（ii）在多个洞穴作为自然运动的一部分进行测定。这使得行为方差的估计可归因于个人，洞穴和残留成分在每个治疗，治疗之间的比较解决了易位是否引起偏倚。我们还计算了被迫静止的个体的重复性，以调查这是否导致重复性的向上偏差。对于成年蟋蟀，个人解释17.8%对17.2%，和洞穴8.7%对10.3%，在易位与自然运动治疗的行为差异。强迫静止成人的重复性为31.1%，从而通过实验证明某些研究设计使重复性偏高。对于易位的青少年，个人解释10.0%和洞穴6.0%的方差，而在自然运动的处理，这些组件不能分开，因为青少年不转换洞穴。易位并没有导致可检测到的偏差行为的平均值或方差。5.重复性是没有偏见的成年人进行自然运动治疗，因为个人在许多不同的环境下进行了测定，促进个人从洞穴效应的分离。向上的偏见会发生不太理想的采样方案：如果个人在同一个洞穴反复测定。因此，我们建议易位实验更常用，特别是在固定的物种，以确保无偏估计的重复性。
1. Repeatability represents a key parameter in ecological and evolutionary research. Repeatability is underpinned by developmental plasticity and genetic variation but may become biased upwards by repeatable differences in environments to which individuals respond plastically. The extent of upward bias caused by the latter mechanism (causing "pseudo-repeatability") is important yet rarely investigated in ecological research.2. We repeatedly assayed a key behaviour (flight initiation distance) affecting longevity in a wild cricket population (Gryllus campestris). We used naturally moving, translocated and forced-stationary individuals to study bias in repeatability caused by spatial variability in environmental conditions.3. Our experiments acknowledged that translocations might themselves bias repeatability estimates if animals respond to handling procedures (a necessary component of translocations). Individuals were, therefore, either (i) repeatedly translocated and assayed or (ii) assayed at multiple burrows as part of natural movements. This enabled estimation of behavioural variance attributable to individual, burrow and residual components within each treatment; comparison across treatments addressed whether translocations caused bias. We also calculated repeatability for individuals that were forced to be stationary to investigate whether this led to upward bias of repeatability.4. For adult crickets, individual explained 17.8% versus 17.2%, and burrow 8.7% versus 10.3%, of the behavioural variance in translocated versus natural-movement treatments. Repeatability for forced-stationary adults was 31.1%, thereby demonstrating experimentally that certain study designs bias repeatability upwards. For translocated juveniles, individual explained 10.0% and burrow 6.0% of the variance, while in the natural-movement treatment, those components could not be separated as juveniles do not switch burrows. Translocations did not lead to detectable biases in behavioural mean or variance.5. Repeatability was not biased for adults subjected to the natural-movement treatment because individuals were assayed under many different environments, facilitating the separation of individual from burrow effects. Upward bias would have occurred with less optimal sampling schemes: if individuals had been assayed repeatedly at the same burrow. We, therefore, recommend that translocation experiments are more commonly applied, particularly in stationary species, to ensure the unbiased estimation of repeatability.