Task-set switching under cue-based versus memory-based switching conditions in younger and older adults
Task-set switching under cue-based versus memory-based switching conditions in younger and older adults
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DOI：
10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.016
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发表时间：
2006-08-11
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Kray, Jutta
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kray, Jutta
通过比较基于线索和基于记忆的转换条件，研究了成人在任务转换和提前准备方面的年龄差异。通过确定在切换的一般（混合成本）和特定（切换成本）水平上发生的两种类型的成本来评估任务切换。通过改变到下一个任务的时间间隔（短、中、长）来研究提前准备。结果表明，基于线索的随机任务序列切换和基于记忆的可预测任务序列切换在任务集实现上存在差异。在基于线索的切换条件下，切换成本大大降低，这表明任务集线索有助于下一个任务的检索。混合成本和转换成本只有在基于线索的条件下才存在年龄差异，在这种条件下，老年人的转换成本低于年轻人。这表明，在与不确定性相关的情况下，老年人比年轻人在两项任务之间采用更少的极端偏见。对于随机任务序列的基于线索的转换，老年人较少参与任务集的完全重新配置，因为进一步的任务变化的可能性。此外，在较短的准备时间内，基于线索的转换比基于记忆的转换更明显，而在较长的准备时间内，基于记忆的转换比基于线索的转换更明显，至少在老年人中是这样。综上所述，这些发现表明，在两种类型的任务切换条件下，任务集的执行在功能上是不同的。(c) 2005 Elsevier B.V.版权所有
Adult age differences in task switching and advance preparation were examined by comparing cue-based and memory-based switching conditions. Task switching was assessed by determining two types of costs that occur at the general (mixing costs) and specific (switching costs) level of switching. Advance preparation was investigated by varying the time interval until the next task (short, middle, very long). Results indicated that the implementation of task sets was different for cue-based switching with random task sequences and memory-based switching with predictable task sequences. Switching costs were strongly reduced under cue-based switching conditions, indicating that task-set cues facilitate the retrieval of the next task. Age differences were found for mixing costs and for switching costs only under cue-based conditions in which older adults showed smaller switching costs than younger adults. It is suggested that older adults adopt a less extreme bias between two tasks than younger adults in situations associated with uncertainty. For cue-based switching with random task sequences, older adults are less engaged in a complete reconfiguration of task sets because of the probability of a further task change. Furthermore, the reduction of switching costs was more pronounced for cue- than memory-based switching for short preparation intervals, whereas the reduction of switch costs was more pronounced for memory- than cue-based switching for longer preparation intervals at least for older adults. Together these findings suggest that the implementation of task sets is functionally different for the two types of task-switching conditions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.