Ecosystem Ecology
Ecosystem Ecology
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DOI：
10.1093/obo/9780199830060-0202
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发表时间：
2018-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yiqi Luo;Ensheng Weng;Yuanhe Yang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yiqi Luo;Ensheng Weng;Yuanhe Yang
生态系统生态学是生态科学中的一个研究和思考分支，其重点是生态系统--有机体与其环境相互作用的动态网络--以及这些相互作用对生物体和地球系统过程的重要性。该学科代表了20世纪生态学中出现的两种不同的认识论方法之一：以物种为中心的基于群落的方法和以过程为中心的基于生态系统的方法。这两种方法都研究物种之间相互作用的方式，共享一种共同的语言，并共享一套共同的原则。基于群落的方法侧重于物种的分布和丰度是如何由它们的资源需求和对环境条件的容忍度以及它们与其他物种的相互作用来塑造的。基于生态系统的方法是一个重大的偏离，因为它既考虑了物种的资源需求和容忍度以及它们与其他物种的相互作用，也考虑了物种对地球系统过程(例如，生物地球化学循环、气候)作出贡献的因素。这两种观点并不像两种方法的措辞所显示的那样相互排斥，而是提供了不同的方法来看待我们如何看待环境和社区以及监管它们的因素。在21世纪，现代生态系统科学包括人类作为生态群落的一部分以及作为生态群落变化的驱动力所产生的影响。影响自然环境的生物学的生态系统视角内的这种联系，以及包括社会和人类层面在内的最新发展，使这种方法成为理解全球进程之间的关系以及生态系统为人类福祉提供的服务之间关系的关键方法，这体现在新兴的可持续发展科学中。
Ecosystem ecology is a branch of study and thinking within the ecological sciences that focuses on the ecosystem—a dynamic network of interactions of organisms and their environment—and the importance of these interactions to the organisms and earth system processes. The discipline represents one of two different epistemological approaches within ecology that emerged in the 20th century: a species-centric community-based approach, and a process-centric ecosystem-based approach. Both approaches study the ways in which species interact among themselves and their environment, share a common language, and share a common set of principles. The community-based approach focuses on how species’ distributions and abundances are shaped by their resource needs and tolerances to environmental conditions, and by their interactions with other species. The ecosystem-based approach represents a significant departure in that it considers both the resource needs and tolerances of species and their interactions with other species, but also factors in the contributions that species make to earth system processes (e.g., biogeochemical cycles, climate). The two perspectives are not as mutually exclusive as the phrasing of the approaches suggests, but rather offer different approaches to how we view the environment and communities and the factors that regulate them. In the 21st century, modern ecosystem science includes the influences that humans have as part of ecological communities and as drivers of change in ecological communities. This linkage within the ecosystem perspective of biology affecting the physical environment, and the recent developments that include the social and human dimensions, has positioned the approach as a critical one in understanding the relationship among global processes and the services that ecosystems provide to human well-being that is embodied in the emerging science of sustainability.