GLOBAL PATTERNS OF THE USE OF SHADOW EDUCATION: STUDENT, FAMILY, AND NATIONAL INFLUENCES
GLOBAL PATTERNS OF THE USE OF SHADOW EDUCATION: STUDENT, FAMILY, AND NATIONAL INFLUENCES
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DOI：
10.1108/s1479-353920180000020004
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Baker, David P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Byun, Soo-Yong;Chung, Hee Jin;Baker, David P.
基于20年前第一项跨国研究，我们分析了2012年国际学生评估计划的数据，以研究64个国家家庭使用影子教育的跨国模式，并使用改进的统计估计方法。集中在付费校外班，我们发现一个持续的，并可能在当代世界的影子教育的跨国使用加强模式。来自世界各地64个国家/经济体的所有15岁学生中约有三分之一使用这种形式的影子教育。社会经济地位较高的学生、女性以及城市地区和普通课程的学生更有可能使用付费服务，而家庭和学生则转向这些服务以解决一般的学业缺陷。此外，在控制其他变量后，来自较贫穷国家的学生比来自较富裕国家的学生更广泛地依赖影子教育。东南亚和东亚国家的学生比许多其他区域的学生更有可能接受影子教育。这些研究结果的教育和社会的理论，以及教育政策的影响进行了讨论。
Building on the first cross-national study that had demystified various assumptions about the worldwide use of shadow education two decades ago, we analyze data from the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment to examine the cross-national pattern of the use of shadow education by families in 64 nations and use improved statistical estimation methods. Focusing on fee-paying out-of-school classes, we find a continued, and likely an intensified pattern of the cross-national use of shadow education in the contemporary world. Approximately about one-third of all 15-year-old students from 64 countries/economies across the world use this form of shadow education. Students of higher socioeconomic status, females, and students in urban areas and general programs are more likely to use fee-paying services, while families and students turn to these services to address academic deficiencies in general. In addition, students from poorer countries more extensively rely on shadow education than students from wealthier countries after controlling for other variables. Students in South-Eastern and Eastern Asian countries are more likely to pursue shadow education than their counterparts in many other regions. Implications of these findings for theories of education and society as well as for educational policy in relation to shadow education are discussed.