Selective pressures for accurate altruism targeting: evidence from digital evolution for difficult-to-test aspects of inclusive fitness theory
Selective pressures for accurate altruism targeting: evidence from digital evolution for difficult-to-test aspects of inclusive fitness theory
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2010.1557
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发表时间：
2011-03-07
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Pennock, Robert T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clune, Jeff;Goldsby, Heather J.;Pennock, Robert T.
包容适应度理论预测，自然选择将倾向于利他主义基因，这些基因更准确地将利他主义只针对自己的副本。在本文中，我们提供了来自数字进化的证据，通过竞争多种利他主义者靶向机制来支持这一预测，这些机制在确定利他主义的潜在目标是否携带利他主义者基因拷贝方面的准确性各不相同。我们竞争利他主义靶向机制基于(i)亲属关系（亲属靶向），（ii）高于亲属预期水平的遗传相似性（相似性靶向），以及（iii）对利他主义基因存在的完美了解（绿胡子靶向）。自然选择总是倾向于最精确的靶向机制。我们的研究还发现，当所有的绿胡子利他主义者使用相同的表型标记时，进化并没有增加利他主义水平。只有当改变利他主义水平的突变也改变了标记（如胡须颜色）时，绿胡子的利他主义水平才会稳定地增加，这样胡须的颜色就可靠地表明了利他主义水平。对于亲属和相似性定位机制，我们发现进化能够稳定地调整利他主义水平。我们的研究结果证实，自然选择倾向于利他基因，这些基因越来越精确地将利他主义定位在它们的拷贝上。我们的工作还强调，目标准确性的概念必须包括利他主义基因的存在及其产生的利他主义水平。
Inclusive fitness theory predicts that natural selection will favour altruist genes that are more accurate in targeting altruism only to copies of themselves. In this paper, we provide evidence from digital evolution in support of this prediction by competing multiple altruist-targeting mechanisms that vary in their accuracy in determining whether a potential target for altruism carries a copy of the altruist gene. We compete altruism-targeting mechanisms based on (i) kinship (kin targeting), (ii) genetic similarity at a level greater than that expected of kin (similarity targeting), and (iii) perfect knowledge of the presence of an altruist gene (green beard targeting). Natural selection always favoured the most accurate targeting mechanism available. Our investigations also revealed that evolution did not increase the altruism level when all green beard altruists used the same phenotypic marker. The green beard altruism levels stably increased only when mutations that changed the altruism level also changed the marker (e. g. beard colour), such that beard colour reliably indicated the altruism level. For kin-and similarity-targeting mechanisms, we found that evolution was able to stably adjust altruism levels. Our results confirm that natural selection favours altruist genes that are increasingly accurate in targeting altruism to only their copies. Our work also emphasizes that the concept of targeting accuracy must include both the presence of an altruist gene and the level of altruism it produces.