Applying public health lessons to protect river health
Applying public health lessons to protect river health
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应用公共卫生课程来保护河流健康
DOI：
10.3825/ece.4.3
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Eriko Morishita Rossano
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Karr;Eriko Morishita Rossano
河流生态健康状况的恶化揭示了，甚至加剧了地球仪目前的水危机。那些想保护和恢复河流健康的人可以从人类与疾病的持续斗争中吸取重要的教训。我们讨论了其中的四个教训，包括它们对河流问题的适用性：（1）认识和应对不断变化的挑战，（2）避免意外的后果，（3）采用治疗和预防，（4）采取系统的方法。人类健康科学的总体信息是，我们需要以综合的方式看待人类行为及其对河流健康的影响。为了构建这样一个河流退化的观点，我们认为人类活动主要通过五种方式危害河流健康：（1）改变自然栖息地，（2）改变季节性水流，（3）改变系统的食物基础，（4）改变河流生物群内的相互作用，（5）化学污染物污染。人类健康科学的另一个关键教训是需要一个普遍理解和强大的衡量河流状况或健康的方法。使用日本河流生物完整性指数（IBI-J）进行的生物监测和评估提供了严格的河流状况衡量标准，并对河流退化的原因提供了指导。日本使用该指数的例子说明了造成退化的各种压力源的重要性，如流出物的数量和类型、水坝和其他结构改变的接近程度以及河岸条件。它们还显示了仅由诸如生化需氧量（BOD）等狭义水质指标驱动的管理的危险。我们的结论是，生物措施是重要的，因为它们提供了一个强大的科学框架，告知主要是文化的过程，决定人类如何对待河流。
Revealing, and indeed exacerbating, the globe's present water crisis is the failing ecological health of rivers. Those who would protect and restore river health can learn important lessons from humanity's continual fight against disease. We discuss four of these lessons, including their applicability to river issues: (1) recognize and respond to changing challenges, (2) avoid unintended consequences, (3) employ both cure and prevention, and (4) take a systematic approach. The overarching message from human health science is that we need to view human actions and their consequences for river health in an integrated way. In an effort to construct such a view of river degradation, we suggest that human actions jeopardize river health in five major ways : (1) altering physical habitat, (2) modifying seasonal flow of water, (3) changing the food base of the system, (4) changing interactions within the river biota, and (5) polluting with chemical contaminants. Another key lesson of human health science is the need for a commonly understood and robust measure of river condition, or health. Biological monitoring and assessment using the index of biological integrity for Japanese streams (IBI-J) provides a rigorous measure of river condition as well as guidance on the causes of river degradation. Examples of the index's use in Japan illustrate the importance of various stressors responsible for degradation, such as amount and types of effluent, proximity of dams and other structural alterations, and riparian condition. They also show the dangers of management driven solely by narrow water quality measures such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). We conclude that biological measures are important because they provide a strong scientific framework to inform the largely cultural process of deciding how humans treat rivers.