ECONOMIC INJURY LEVEL CONCEPTS AND THEIR USE IN SUSTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL-QUALITY
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVEL CONCEPTS AND THEIR USE IN SUSTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL-QUALITY
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DOI：
10.1016/0167-8809(93)90027-m
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发表时间：
1993-09-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
PEDIGO, LP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HIGLEY, LG;PEDIGO, LP
经济损失水平（EIL）概念是大多数害虫综合治理（IPM）计划的决策基础。这些IPM程序是根本不同的控制方法来处理害虫问题的重点是容忍害虫的影响。EIL对于IPM计划至关重要，因为它表明哪些害虫水平可以容忍，哪些不能。通过提高我们容忍害虫的能力，可以消除或减少对管理策略的需求。此外，我们可以通过更好地决定如何使用这些策略来改善和保持环境质量。EIL通过减少不必要的管理策略，特别是杀虫剂的使用，有助于保持环境质量。然而，在决策过程中明确纳入环境考虑因素可大大提高虫害综合防治维持环境质量的能力。要了解环境IL在维持环境质量方面的当前和潜在作用，首先需要研究环境IL的组成部分。这些因素包括经济损失、经济阈值和EIL本身。在这些因素中，经济阈值是最有问题的，因为它取决于对害虫种群增长率的预测。大多数确定经济阈值的方法可以分为主观和客观两类，其中客观类基于计算的EIL。增加计算EIL及其相关经济阈值的可用性将减少不必要的管理策略的使用。对EIL本身的额外关注可以进一步提高IPM计划对环境问题的响应能力。特别是，通过将环境因素以及经济和生物信息的直接考虑纳入环境影响清单，就有可能制定环境影响清单。环境EIL不仅根据其对用户的直接成本和收益，而且还根据其对环境的影响来评估管理策略。支持EIL中更大的环境响应的活动包括C变量中的环境成本核算，通过增加D变量中的植物耐受性来减少每次伤害的损害，以及通过减少农药施用率来开发有效但对环境负责的K变量。集中研究EIL概念的这些方面提供了改进IPM对环境问题的响应的前景，而不依赖于新的策略。
The economic injury level (EIL) concept is the basis for decisions in most integrated pest management (IPM) programs. These IPM programs are fundamentally different from control approaches to handling pest problems by focusing on tolerating pest effects. The EIL is essential for IPM programs because it indicates which levels of pests can be tolerated and which cannot. By increasing our ability to tolerate pests, it is possible to eliminate or reduce the need for management tactics. Moreover, we can improve and maintain environmental quality through better decisions on the use of those tactics. EILs help maintain environmental quality by reducing unnecessary use of management tactics, especially of pesticides. However, including environmental considerations explicitly in the decision-making process could greatly improve the ability of IPM to sustain environmental quality. To understand the current and potential roles of EILs in maintaining environmental quality, it is first necessary to examine the components of the EIL. These include economic damage, economic thresholds, and the EIL itself. Of these elements, the economic threshold has been the most problematic because it depends on predictions of pest population growth rates. Most approaches to economic threshold development can be grouped into subjective and objective categories, with the objective category being based on calculated EILs. Increased availability of calculated EILs and their related economic thresholds would reduce unnecessary use of management tactics. Additional attention to the EIL itself could further improve the responsiveness of IPM programs to environmental concerns. In particular, by including direct considerations of environmental factors, as well as economic and biological information, into EILs, it would be possible to develop environmental EILs. An environmental EIL evaluates a management tactic based not only on its direct costs and benefits to the user but also on its effects on the environment. Activities to support greater environmental responsiveness in the EIL include accounting for environmental costs in the C variable, reducing damage per injury by increasing plant tolerance in the D variable, and developing an effective, yet environmentally responsible, K variable by reducing pesticide application rates. Focusing research efforts on these aspects of the EIL concept offers the prospect of improved responsiveness to environmental concerns in IPM, without a reliance on new tactics.