Multiple Household Water Sources and Their Use in Remote Communities With Evidence From Pacific Island Countries
Multiple Household Water Sources and Their Use in Remote Communities With Evidence From Pacific Island Countries
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DOI：
10.1002/2017wr021047
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发表时间：
2017-11-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Hadwen, Wade L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Elliott, Mark;MacDonald, Morgan C.;Hadwen, Wade L.
全球水资源研究和监测通常侧重于家庭饮用水的主要来源。许多发展中国家注意到使用多种水源来满足家庭日常需要，但很少加以量化或详细报告。我们对马绍尔群岛共和国（RMI）和所罗门群岛（SI）八个社区的405个家庭进行了横断面调查，收集了自我报告的数据。超过90%的家庭使用多种水源，雨季和旱季的水源和用途有所不同。大多数RMI家庭都有大型雨水罐，并在整个旱季配给储存的雨水饮用，而大多数SI家庭则用小罐收集雨水，无法跨季节储存。用于烹饪的水源与用于饮用呈强烈正相关，而用于烹饪的水源与非消费用途（如洗澡）呈负相关或不相关。旱季用水意味着更大的水传播疾病风险，报告的洗手水源更少（通常为零），而消耗的未经改进的水源更多。使用多种水源是家庭用水管理的基础，使用电子调查工具进行监测也是可行的。我们认为，认识到多种水源可以大大提高对家庭一级和社区一级气候变化适应能力的理解，多种水源的使用混淆了水干预措施的健康影响研究，并且将多种水源纳入供水干预措施可以产生迄今为止尚未实现的效益。我们认为，未能考虑多种来源会破坏全球水监测、数据解释、实施、政策和研究的设计和有效性。
Global water research and monitoring typically focus on the household's main source of drinking-water. Use of multiple water sources to meet daily household needs has been noted in many developing countries but rarely quantified or reported in detail. We gathered self-reported data using a cross-sectional survey of 405 households in eight communities of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and five Solomon Islands (SI) communities. Over 90% of households used multiple sources, with differences in sources and uses between wet and dry seasons. Most RMI households had large rainwater tanks and rationed stored rainwater for drinking throughout the dry season, whereas most SI households collected rainwater in small pots, precluding storage across seasons. Use of a source for cooking was strongly positively correlated with use for drinking, whereas use for cooking was negatively correlated or uncorrelated with nonconsumptive uses (e.g., bathing). Dry season water uses implied greater risk of water-borne disease, with fewer (frequently zero) handwashing sources reported and more unimproved sources consumed. Use of multiple sources is fundamental to household water management and feasible to monitor using electronic survey tools. We contend that recognizing multiple water sources can greatly improve understanding of household-level and community-level climate change resilience, that use of multiple sources confounds health impact studies of water interventions, and that incorporating multiple sources into water supply interventions can yield heretofore-unrealized benefits. We propose that failure to consider multiple sources undermines the design and effectiveness of global water monitoring, data interpretation, implementation, policy, and research.