Reducing single-use plastic shopping bags in the USA.
Reducing single-use plastic shopping bags in the USA.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.003
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发表时间：
2017-12
期刊：
影响因子：
8.1
通讯作者：
T. Wagner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Wagner
在美国，地方政府负有管理城市固体废物的主要责任。然而，地方政府没有权力明确地将具体问题废物的成本或责任转移回生产者。对地方政府来说，一个特别有问题的废物是一次性塑料袋。2014年，美国消耗了1034.65亿个一次性塑料购物袋。由于其极低的回收率，塑料袋仍然是陆地垃圾和海洋废弃物的重要来源，并损害雨水管理系统。它们还降低了自动回收系统的有效性。作为回应，地方政府越来越多地采取各种措施，专门用于减少商店一级的一次性购物袋消费，主要分为5大类：禁令，征收费用和税收，建立最低产品设计的袋子，要求消费者教育，并强制零售商收回计划。截至2017年9月，美国有271个地方政府颁布了塑料袋条例，覆盖了全国9.7%的人口。大多数（95%）的法令禁止使用一次性塑料袋;其中56.9%的禁令还包括对纸张和/或可重复使用的袋子征收强制性费用。对于收费条例，模式是每袋0.10美元;每项税费条例允许零售商保留部分或全部收取的费用。随着地方政府不断加大对塑料袋的行动力度，目前已有11个州颁布法律，禁止地方政府对一次性塑料袋进行监管。由于一次性塑料袋的成功，地方政府也对一次性发泡聚苯乙烯消费品和其他一次性塑料产品颁布了类似的法令。
In the USA, local governments have the primary responsibility to manage MSW. However, local governments lack the authority to explicitly shift costs or responsibility back onto the producer for specific problem wastes. A particularly problematic waste for local governments is the single-use plastic bag. In 2014, in the USA, 103.465 billion single-use plastic shopping bags were consumed. Because of their extremely low recyclability rate, plastic bags remain a significant source of land-based litter and marine debris and impair stormwater management systems. They also reduce the effectiveness of automated recycling systems. In response, local governments increasingly have adopted a variety of measures specifically intended to reduce the store-level consumption of single-use shopping bags in 5 major categories: bans, imposition of fees and taxes, establishing minimum product design of bags, requiring consumer education, and mandating retailer take-back programs. As of September 2017, there were 271 local governments in the USA with plastic bag ordinances covering 9.7% of the nation’s population. The majority (95%) of the ordinances is a ban on single-use plastic bags; 56.9% of these bans also include a mandatory fee on paper and/or reusable bags. For the fee-based ordinances, the mode is $0.10 per bag; every tax/fee ordinance allows retailers to retain some or all the collected fee. As local governments continue to increase their actions on plastic bags, 11 states have enacted laws to prohibit local governments from regulating single-use plastic bags. Because of the success with single-use bags, local governments are also enacting similar ordinances on single-use expanded polystyrene consumer products and other single-use plastic products.