The Micro- and Macrostructural Design of Improvised Music
The Micro- and Macrostructural Design of Improvised Music
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即兴音乐的微观和宏观结构设计
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发表时间：
1987
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通讯作者：
J. Pressing
中科院分区：
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作者：
J. Pressing
同一表演者自由即兴创作的两首短曲，通过使用特殊构造的自动转录设备以微观结构细节进行记录。该装置由改进的 DX7 合成器和 2650 微处理器组成，可与其他计算机连接进行数据处理。由此产生的音乐被转录成传统记谱的修改形式，并接受微观和宏观结构分析。微观分析包括时序领域（间奏和持续时间分布、位移、和弦扩展等）、动态（关键速度、量化、和弦模式等）和连奏性（相对、绝对、踏板）。宏观分析使用传统音乐理论的全套手段（音调程序、节奏和动机设计、音级设置等）。研究发现，微观结构参数之间以及与宏观结构之间的相关性在具有外部脉冲的即兴创作 A 中非常显着，但在没有外部脉冲的即兴创作 B 中基本上不存在。在存在脉冲的地方，发现节奏设计主要基于脉冲细分和移动。一些演奏效果（例如，和弦扩展）在 10 毫秒或更短的时间范围内运行。其他（例如，与外部脉冲同步）的分辨率较低。发作间时间、持续时间和连奏性的分布模式的差异表明了三种独立的潜在时间机制，这些机制有时可能与宏观结构协调联系在一起。一些变量（发作时间、关键速度）的量化（“分类产生”）已明确建立。还结合早期的即兴创作模型对结果进行了解释（Pressing，1987）。
Two short pieces of freely improvised music by the same performer were recorded in microstructural detail by the use of a specially constructed automatic transcription apparatus. The apparatus consists of a modified DX7 synthesizer and 2650 microprocessor which interfaces with other computers for data processing. The resultant music is transcribed into a modified form of traditional notation and subjected to both micro- and macrostructural analysis. Microanalysis includes the areas of timing (interonset and duration distributions, displacement, chordal spreads, etc.), dynamics ( key velocity, quantization, chordal patterns, etc.), and legatoness (relative, absolute, pedaling). Macroanalysis uses the full panoply of devices from traditional music theory (tonal procedures, rhythmic and motivic design, pitch class sets, etc.). Correlations between microstructural parameters, and with macrostructure, were found to be highly significant in Improvisation A, which had a supplied external pulse, but largely absent in Improvisation B, which had no such pulse. Where pulse was present, rhythmic design was found to be based largely on pulse subdivision and shifting. Some performance effects (e.g., chordal spreads) operated over a time scale of 10 msec or less. Others (e.g., synchronization to an external pulse) showed less resolution. Differences in the distribution patterns of interonset times, durations, and legatoness suggest three independent underlying temporal mechanisms that may sometimes link together in coordination with macrostructure. Quantization ("categorical production") of some variables (interonset times, key velocities) was clearly established. The results were also interpreted in relation to an earlier model of improvisation (Pressing, 1987).