Functional Syringeal Anatomy of the Mallard. I. In situ Electromyograms during ESB Elicited Calling
Functional Syringeal Anatomy of the Mallard. I. In situ Electromyograms during ESB Elicited Calling
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绿头鸭的功能性注射器解剖学。
DOI：
10.1093/auk/93.2.324
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发表时间：
1976
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
O. Youngren
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
F. R. Lockner;O. Youngren
鸟类学的STUrm·TS已经认识到，舌部解剖结构的多样性（特别是在鸭科中）是一个重要的分类工具（Garrod 1875; Johnsgard 1961，1971）。最近出现的发声功能模型试图将发声与解剖结构联系起来（Gross 1964，Greenewalt 1968，Stein 1968，Gaunt et al. 1973，Gaunt and威尔斯1973）。到目前为止，关于舌囊解剖学的最详细的研究涉及雀形目物种（Miskimen 1951，Chamberlain等人1968，艾姆斯19'71）。对于建立发声的生理模型，非雀形目动物有几个明显的优势。它们通常具有相对较小的重复叫声，只有两对或三对肌肉在鸣管上起作用，并且足够大以便于原位生理测量。最近，Youngren等（1975）利用这些特征研究了鸡发声的神经肌肉控制。绿头鸭（Anas platyrhynchos）的舌骨解剖结构存在相当大的差异，建议比较两个物种的发声神经肌肉控制，以测试他们的结论的普遍性。鸡和鸭的鼓膜结构的差异包括：鼓膜气管肌肉系统的相对大小和骨骼附着，用于发声的外鼓膜与内鼓膜的使用，以及野鸭雄性的骨泡扩大。绿头鸭的叫声刺耳，缓慢的调制，相对纯净的音调，很少或没有谐波复杂性。在成年人中，发声具有如此巨大的谐波复杂性，以至于呼叫类似于人类的喉音（Greenewalt 1968年的高脉冲，波纹膜振动）。根据组织学研究，Warner（1971）报道内鼓室膜（I.T.M.）成年雄性绿头鸭的粗度是成年雌性的20倍（0.750比0.04 mm）。在41-45日龄之前，雄性和雌性雏鸭的声音是相同的（Lockner MS），但尚未研究解剖学差异的发展（Abs（1969）仅考虑气管长度）。本文描述了成年鸭发声的神经肌肉控制和雏鸭膜厚度的成熟变化。
STUrm•TS of phylogeny have realized that diversity in syringeal anatomy (particularly among the Anatidae) is an important taxonomic tool (Garrod 1875; Johnsgard 1961, 1971). Recently functional models of vocalization have appeared that attempt to relate sound production to anatomical structures (Gross 1964, Greenewalt 1968, Stein 1968, Gaunt et al. 1973, Gaunt and Wells 1973). To date the most detailed studies of syringeal anatomy concern passerine species (Miskimen 1951, Chamberlain et al. 1968, Ames 19'71). Still for making physiological models of vocalization, nonpasserines offer several distinct advantages. They generally have relatively small repertoires of repetitive calls, have only two or three pairs of muscles operative on the syrinx and are large enough to facilitate in situ physiological measurements. Recently Youngren et al. (1975) took advantage of these features to investigate the neuromuscular control of vocalization in chickens. The considerable differences in the syringeal anatomy of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) suggested comparing neuromuscular control of vocalization in the two species to test the generality of their conclusions. The differences in syringeal structure between chickens and ducks include: relative size and skeletal attachment of syringealtracheal musculature, use of external vs. internal tympaniform membranes for sound production, and the enlarged osseous bulla of Mallard males. The calls of Mallard ducklings are strident, slowly modulated, relatively pure tones with little or no harmonic complexity. In adults the vocalizations have such great harmonic complexity that the calls resemble human laryngeal sounds (highly pulsed, rippling membrane vibrations of Greenewalt 1968). Based on histological studies, Warner (1971) reported that the internal tympaniform membranes (I.T.M.) of adult male Mallards were 20 times as thick as those of adult females (0.750 vs. 0.04 mm). The voices of male and female ducklings are identical before age 41-45 days (Lockner MS), but the development of the anatomical differences has not been investigated (Abs (1969) considered only tracheal length). The present paper describes the neuromuscular control of sound production in adults and also the maturational changes in membrane thickness in ducklings.