Anthropogenic Change and the Process of Speciation
Anthropogenic Change and the Process of Speciation
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DOI：
10.1101/cshperspect.a041455
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发表时间：
2023-12-01
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
Taylor，Scott A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alund，Murielle;Cenzer，Meredith;Taylor，Scott A.
人类对环境的影响通过影响全球范围内的地理环境和选择模式来改变物种形成过程。在这里，我们回顾了这些影响的证据。我们发现，人类活动经常造成种群之间的空间隔离，从而促进遗传分化，但也经常导致不同谱系之间的突然二次接触和杂交。人类造成的环境变化产生了新的生态位，以不同的方式改变了选择，可以推动多样化；但变化也往往会消除生态位，导致物种灭绝。改变选择制度的人类影响是广泛和强烈的，从生物和非生物条件的局部变化到直接收获到全球气候变化。改变的选择和对它的进化反应会影响谱系的早期分化，但不一定会导致不同物种的物种形成和持久性。总而言之，人类既促进又阻碍物种形成，尽管新物种的形成相对于人类杂交来说会非常缓慢，这可能是近乎瞬间的。关于物种形成的未来，我们强调了两个关键结论：(1)人类将在短期内对物种灭绝和“去种”动态产生重大影响，并在早期阶段对谱系分化产生重大影响，从而在长期内潜在地形成物种；(2)长期监测与容易确定日期的人为变化相结合，将提高我们对物种形成过程的理解。我们可以利用这种知识来保护和恢复生态系统，以促进(重新)多样性，增加未来物种形成的机会，并增强生物多样性。
Anthropogenic impacts on the environment alter speciation processes by affecting both geographical contexts and selection patterns on a worldwide scale. Here we review evidence of these effects. We find that human activities often generate spatial isolation between populations and thereby promote genetic divergence but also frequently cause sudden secondary contact and hybridization between diverging lineages. Human-caused environmental changes produce new ecological niches, altering selection in diverse ways that can drive diversification; but changes also often remove niches and cause extirpations. Human impacts that alter selection regimes are widespread and strong in magnitude, ranging from local changes in biotic and abiotic conditions to direct harvesting to global climate change. Altered selection, and evolutionary responses to it, impacts early-stage divergence of lineages, but does not necessarily lead toward speciation and persistence of separate species. Altogether, humans both promote and hinder speciation, although new species would form very slowly relative to anthropogenic hybridization, which can be nearly instantaneous. Speculating about the future of speciation, we highlight two key conclusions: (1) Humans will have a large influence on extinction and “despeciation” dynamics in the short term and on early-stage lineage divergence, and thus potentially speciation in the longer term, and (2) long-term monitoring combined with easily dated anthropogenic changes will improve our understanding of the processes of speciation. We can use this knowledge to preserve and restore ecosystems in ways that promote (re-)diversification, increasing future opportunities of speciation and enhancing biodiversity.