Native mycorrhizal fungi improve milkweed growth, latex, and establishment while some commercial fungi may inhibit them
Native mycorrhizal fungi improve milkweed growth, latex, and establishment while some commercial fungi may inhibit them
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DOI：
10.1002/ecs2.4052
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发表时间：
2022-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Bever, James D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Koziol, Liz;Schultz, Peggy A.;Bever, James D.
丛枝菌根真菌（AM）是植物根系的共生体，通过改变植物与食草动物的相互作用，促进植物生长，影响植物群落。因此，AM真菌可能对某些珍稀植物和草食动物的保护至关重要。例如，北美乳草属物种是帝王蝶（Danaus plexippus）的重要宿主。了解菌根组成如何影响马利筋将对保护和恢复这两个日益受到威胁的公会产生直接影响。我们目前的数据AM真菌组合物对马利筋生长，胶乳生产和建立的影响的三项研究。首先，我们种植了七种乳草，有和没有原生菌根真菌的混合物。我们评估了如何重要的真菌组合物是马利筋生长和乳胶生产的生长马利筋种7种真菌组合物，作为单一物种接种与四个本地真菌，本地真菌的混合物，一个单一的商业真菌，大概是非本地的起源，和noninferenced控制。最后，我们评估了两个马利筋物种与本地菌根接种的现场建立。Milkweed种增长98%以上，并产生82%以上的乳胶接种后，与本地真菌。马利筋受到真菌组成的强烈影响;马利筋受到商业真菌的抑制（平均约14%的生长），并对天然真菌物种表现出可变但积极的反应（平均+3%至+38%的生物量）。最后，我们发现，恢复建立依赖于接种本地真菌和马利筋物种。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，一些乳草物种（即，叙利亚马利筋（Asclepiassyriaca）和A. incarnata）对菌根真菌的存在不敏感或对菌根成分不敏感，而其他物种，包括濒危物种（A. meadii）和具有较高保护价值的种类（A.块茎）。我们的结论是，本地AM真菌的重新引入可以提高理想的马利筋物种的建立，并应考虑在种植君主保护的战略。
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that can facilitate plant growth and influence plant communities by altering plant interactions with herbivores. Therefore, AM fungi could be critical for the conservation of certain rare plants and herbivores. For example, North American milkweed species are crucial hosts for monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus). Understanding how mycorrhizal composition affects milkweeds will have direct impacts on the conservation and restoration of both increasingly threatened guilds. We present data from three studies on the effect of AM fungal composition on milkweed growth, latex production, and establishment. First, we grew seven milkweed species with and without a mixture of native mycorrhizal fungi. We assessed how important fungal composition is to milkweed growth and latex production by growing four milkweed species with seven fungal compositions, as single-species inoculations with four native fungi, a mixture of native fungi, a single commercial fungus of presumably non-native origin, and noninoculated controls. Finally, we assessed the field establishment of two milkweed species with and without native mycorrhizal inoculation. Milkweed species grew 98% larger and produced 82% more latex after inoculation with native mycorrhizae. Milkweeds were strongly affected by fungal composition; milkweeds were inhibited by commercial fungi (average of -14% growth) and showed variable but positive responses to native fungal species (average of +3% to +38% biomass). Finally, we found that restoration establishment was dependent on inoculation with native fungi and milkweed species. Overall, our findings indicate that some milkweed species (i.e., Asclepias syriaca and A. incarnata) are not responsive to mycorrhizal fungal presence or sensitive to mycorrhizal composition while others are, including endangered species (A. meadii) and species of high conservation value (A. tuberosa). We conclude that the reintroduction of native AM fungi could improve the establishment of desirable milkweed species and should be considered within strategies for plantings for monarch conservation.