The times are changing: temporal shifts in patterns of fish invasions in central European fresh waters.
The times are changing: temporal shifts in patterns of fish invasions in central European fresh waters.
复制标题
时代在变化：中欧淡水鱼类入侵模式的暂时变化。
作者：
W. Rabitsch;N. Milasowszky;S. Nehring;C. Wiesner;C. Wolter;F. Essl
本研究基于两个相邻的中欧国家（德国和奥地利）鱼类入侵的详尽国家数据集，考察了外来鱼类的入侵历史。两国目前已确定了15种外来鱼类，分别占德国和奥地利淡水鱼类区系总数的14%和17%。在这两个国家，有六种外来物种存在，但尚未建立。德国的五种外来物种和奥地利的三种外来物种的状况仍然未知。近几十年来，外来鱼类的积累率有所增加，其中约50%是在1971年以后报道的。直到20世纪80年代，北美和亚洲是德国和奥地利外来鱼种的主要来源，而现在主要是来自本托-里海的欧洲鱼种。渔业（包括水产养殖）和动物贸易是大多数早期引进的原因，而水道是最近入侵者的主要途径。外来物种的空间分布程度与居留时间（即自首次国家记录以来的时间）呈正相关。面对气候变化，早期入侵者（主要是冷水物种）和新入侵者（通常是适应温水的物种）的不同热偏好可能有利于后者。结论是外来鱼类管理面临新的挑战，欧盟水框架指令认可的以生态系统为基础的方法（维持或恢复河流和溪流的良好生态状态）应该成为欧洲河流管理的核心。
This study examines the invasion history of alien fish species based on exhaustive national data sets on fish invasions of two contiguous central European countries (Germany and Austria). Fifteen alien fish species are currently established in both countries, constituting 14 and 17% of the total freshwater fish fauna of Germany and Austria, respectively. In both countries, six alien species are present, but not established. The status of five alien species in Germany and three species in Austria remains unknown. Accumulation rates of alien fish species have increased in recent decades with >50% of them reported after 1971. North America and Asia were the primary sources of alien fish species in Germany and Austria up to the 1980s, whereas European species of Ponto-Caspian origin dominate now. Fisheries (including aquaculture) and the animal trade were responsible for most earlier introductions, whereas waterways were the main pathway for recent invaders. The extent of the spatial distribution of alien species was positively correlated with residence time, i.e. the time elapsed since the first national record. Different thermal preferences of early invaders (mostly coldwater species) and new invaders (typically warmwater adapted) may benefit the latter in the face of climate change. It is concluded that new challenges for alien fish management arise and that ecosystem-based approaches as endorsed by the E.U. Water Framework Directive (maintaining or restoring good ecological status of rivers and streams) should become the centrepiece of river management in Europe.