INTERACTIONS AMONG VETCHES BEARING EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES, THEIR BIOTIC PROTECTIVE AGENTS, AND HERBIVORES
INTERACTIONS AMONG VETCHES BEARING EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES, THEIR BIOTIC PROTECTIVE AGENTS, AND HERBIVORES
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DOI：
10.2307/1943183
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发表时间：
1988-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
LAWTON, JH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
KOPTUR, S;LAWTON, JH
豌豆（Vicia sativa L.）的托生蜜腺大约从第七节开始就存在于幼树上，并在开花期间继续分泌花蜜，直到果实成熟。在英国北约克郡，蚂蚁Myrmica ruginodis是这些蜜腺的主要访客。蚂蚁可以有效地清除或干扰一些外部取食的食草昆虫（主要是鳞翅目和一些鞘翅目），但叶子仍然会受到硬体甲虫的一些伤害。更具破坏性的是以荚为食的Cydia spp.的幼虫，这种蛾在花的子房上产卵，其幼虫以发育中的豆科植物为食，不受蚂蚁的侵害。在蚁群最密集的地区，蚁群明显能很好地保护采食荚果的幼虫，使其免受天敌——拟卵蜂（Scambus planatus和Campoplex punctulatus）的侵害。这些地区的植物比蚂蚁数量少的地区的植物有更多的种子受损，产生更少的可存活种子。在蚂蚁数量少的地方，黄斑豌豆更容易成功；豆荚中的幼虫被寄生，而较少的种子被损坏。这些数据表明，豆荚取食者可能为了自己的利益而成功地缩短了花外蜜介导的蚂蚁防御。
The stipular nectaries of the common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) are present on young plants from about the seventh node and continue to secrete nectar through flowering, until fruit are mature. The ant Myrmica ruginodis is the primary visitor to these nectaries in North Yorkshire, England [UK]. The ants are effective at removing or disturbing some of the externally feeding insect herbivores (mostly Lepidoptera, and some Coleoptera), but leaves nevertheless sustain some damage from hard-bodied beetles. More devastating are the podfeeding larvae of Cydia spp., tortricid moths that oviposit on ovaries of flowers and whose larvae feed in the developing legumes, safe from ants. In areas where ant abundance is highest, the pod-feeding larvae are apparently well protected by ants from their natural enemies, ichneumonid parasitoid wasps (Scambus planatus and Campoplex punctulatus). Plants in such areas have greater numbers of seeds damaged and produce fewer viable seeds than plants in areas of low ant abundance. The vetches are more successful where ant abundance is low; larvae in the pods get parasitized, and fewer seeds are damaged. These data imply that pod feeders may have successfully short-circuited extrafloral nectary-mediated ant defense for their own benefit.