Evolution of the CNS myelin gene regulatory program.
Evolution of the CNS myelin gene regulatory program.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.013
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发表时间：
2016-06-15
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Richardson WD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Li H;Richardson WD
髓磷脂是一种在脊椎动物中独特进化的特殊亚细胞结构。有髓鞘轴突传导动作电位的速度比相同直径的无髓鞘轴突快许多倍；对于相同的传导速度，无髓轴突需要比有髓轴突大得多的直径和体积。因此，髓磷脂可以加速信息传输并节省空间，从而使强大而便携的大脑得以进化。中枢神经系统 (CNS) 中的髓鞘形成由基因调控程序控制，该程序具有许多主转录调控因子，包括 Olig1、Olig2 和 Myrf。 Olig 家族基因是从非脊索动物的单个祖先基因进化而来的。 Olig2在脊椎动物中执行与少突胶质细胞身份和发育有关的多种功能，可能通过翻译后修饰，特别是磷酸化，进化出多功能性，如其进化上保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸受体位点及其在脊椎动物进化的较新阶段中丝氨酸残基的积累所说明的那样。 Olig1源自早期硬骨鱼中Olig2的复制副本，参与少突胶质细胞的发育，对骨脊椎动物的髓鞘再生至关重要，但在鸟类中缺失。 Myrf 直系同源物的起源可能是入侵的噬菌体或细菌与早期原生生物之间 DNA 整合的结果，产生能够自我切割和 DNA 结合的融合蛋白。 Myrf 似乎通过开发与髓鞘质基因特有的 DNA 基序相互作用的新方法，在早期脊椎动物中采用了新功能 - 启动中枢神经系统髓鞘化程序以及维持成熟的少突胶质细胞身份和髓鞘质结构。
Myelin is a specialized subcellular structure that evolved uniquely in vertebrates. A myelinated axon conducts action potentials many times faster than an unmyelinated axon of the same diameter; for the same conduction speed, the unmyelinated axon would need a much larger diameter and volume than its myelinated counterpart. Hence myelin speeds information transfer and saves space, allowing the evolution of a powerful yet portable brain. Myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) is controlled by a gene regulatory program that features a number of master transcriptional regulators including Olig1, Olig2 and Myrf. Olig family genes evolved from a single ancestral gene in non-chordates. Olig2, which executes multiple functions with regard to oligodendrocyte identity and development in vertebrates, might have evolved functional versatility through post-translational modification, especially phosphorylation, as illustrated by its evolutionarily conserved serine/ threonine phospho-acceptor sites and its accumulation of serine residues during more recent stages of vertebrate evolution. Olig1, derived from a duplicated copy of Olig2 in early bony fish, is involved in oligodendrocyte development and is critical to remyelination in bony vertebrates, but is lost in birds. The origin of Myrf orthologs might be the result of DNA integration between an invading phage or bacterium and an early protist, producing a fusion protein capable of self-cleavage and DNA binding. Myrf seems to have adopted new functions in early vertebrates – initiation of the CNS myelination program as well as the maintenance of mature oligodendrocyte identity and myelin structure - by developing new ways to interact with DNA motifs specific to myelin genes.
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