The Formation and Migration of Primordial Germ Cells in Mouse and Man
The Formation and Migration of Primordial Germ Cells in Mouse and Man
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-31973-5_2
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
De Felici, Massimo
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文献类型：
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作者：
De Felici, Massimo
在大多数多细胞生物中，生殖细胞是新生物的起源，保证遗传和表观遗传信息的世代延续，在哺乳动物生殖系中，原始生殖细胞（primordial germ cells，PGCs）分别是胎儿卵巢和睾丸的初级卵母细胞和原卵母细胞的前体。在哺乳动物如灵长类中，初级卵母细胞的形成在很大程度上是异步的，并且发生在相对较长的时期内，到达XX性腺嵴后的PGCs被称为卵原细胞，然后当进入减数分裂前期I时成为初级卵母细胞。在胚胎睾丸中，生殖细胞是由生殖腺移殖后的原始生殖细胞分化而来的，称为生殖细胞或生殖母细胞。哺乳动物生殖细胞系发育最吸引人的方面之一是，它可能是第一个通过表观遗传机制在胚胎中建立的细胞谱系，而且这些诱导事件发生在胚外组织中，比生殖腺在胚胎内发育要早得多。此外，这些事件通过基因组功能的遗传和表观遗传调节为生殖细胞的全能性做好准备。这一过程是如何发生的，直到不久前还是一个谜。在本章中，我将报告和讨论最新进展的细胞和分子机制的基础上形成的胚外组织和迁移的PGCs向性腺嵴主要是在小鼠进行的研究，在人类的一些前景。关于这些过程的既定概念将仅在必要时进行总结，因为它们在许多优秀的综述中得到了广泛的描述和讨论;其中大部分在下文中引用。
In most multicellular organisms, including mammals, germ cells are at the origin of new organisms and ensure the continuation of the genetic and epigenetic information across the generations.In the mammalian germ line, the primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the precursors of the primary oocytes and prospermatogonia of fetal ovaries and testes, respectively. In mammals such as the primates, in which the formation of the primary oocytes is largely asynchronous and occurs during a relatively long period, PGCs after the arrival into the XX gonadal ridges are termed oogonia which then become primary oocytes when entering into meiotic prophase I. In the fetal testes, germ cells derived from the PGCs after gonad colonization are termed prospermatogonia or gonocytes.One of the most fascinating aspect of the mammalian germline development is that it is probably the first cell lineage to be established in the embryo by epigenetic mechanisms and that these inductive events happen in extraembryonic tissues much earlier that gonad develop inside the embryo proper. Moreover, such events prepare the germ cells for totipotency through genetic and epigenetic regulations of their genome function. How this occurs remained a mystery until short time ago.In this chapter, I will report and discuss the most recent advances in the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation in extraembryonic tissues and migration of PGCs toward the gonadal ridges made primarily by studies carried out in the mouse with some perspective in the human. Established concepts about these processes will be only summarized when necessary since they are widely described and discussed in many excellent reviews; most of them are cited in the text below.