Hypothalamic neurons secreting vasopressin and neurophysin.
Hypothalamic neurons secreting vasopressin and neurophysin.
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DOI：
10.1038/ki.1976.75
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发表时间：
1976-07
影响因子：
19.6
通讯作者：
Earl A. Zimmerman;Alan G. Robinson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Earl A. Zimmerman;Alan G. Robinson
加压素在下丘脑的大细胞系统中合成，形成视上核和室旁核的细胞簇。这种激素被合成并包装在神经分泌颗粒中，颗粒内有一种蛋白质，神经垂体素。神经分泌颗粒从下丘脑的胞体到垂体后叶的轴突流以及随后释放到血液中的证明，在我们对神经分泌的理解中是一个重要的历史篇章。从几个物种中分离出的神经垂体后叶素和抗这些肽的抗血清以及抗加压素抗体的开发提供了新的工具来重新检查这个系统。在几个物种中，数据表明一个特定的后叶加压素和催产素不同的后叶神经素。现在已经很好地确定，神经垂体后叶素与激素一起分泌，这为胞吐作用是加压素神经分泌的主要形式提供了有力的论据。血浆中neurophysin的测定可用于研究加压素的释放。使用抗后叶加压素和neurophysin抗体的免疫组织化学研究表明，大细胞系统是更广泛地分布在整个下丘脑比以前认识到。此外，加压素和室旁神经元中均形成加压素和神经后叶素，并且有三种分泌途径。主要途径是视上垂体束到后叶。第二条途径是进入正中隆起的外部区域，分泌到垂体门静脉血中。第三条途径是第三脑室分泌到脑脊液中。肾上腺皮质类固醇激素缺乏时，外区的加压素显著增加，这表明加压素可能在下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴中起作用。如果加压素被发现具有在其他动物中研究过的记忆巩固作用，那么脑脊髓液通路在人类中可能是重要的。
Vasopressin is synthesized in the magnocellular system of the hypothalamus in clusters of cells which form the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus. The hormone is synthesized and packaged in neurosecretory granules with an intragpanular protein, neurophysin. The demonstration of axon flow of neurosecretory granules from the perikarya in the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary and subsequent release into the blood has been an important historical chapter in our understanding of neurosecretion. Isolation of neurophysins from several species and development of antisera to these peptides as well as antibodies to vasopressin have provided new tools to re-examine this system. In several species, the data indicate a specific neurophysin for vasopressin and a different neurophysin for oxytocin. It is now well established that neurophysins are secreted with hormones and this has provided a cogent argument that exocytosis is a major form of neurosecretion of vasopressin. Assay of neurophysin in plasma can be used to study vasopressin release. Immunohistochemical studies using antibodies to vasopressin and neurophysin demonstrated that the magnocellular system is more diffusely distributed throughout the hypothalamus than was previously appreciated. In addition, vasopressin and neurophysin are formed in both the supraoptic and paraventricular neurons and there are three pathways of secretion. The major pathway is the supraoptico-hypophyseal tract to the posterior lobe. The second pathway is to the external zone of the median eminence for secretion into the hypophyseal portal blood. The third pathway is to the third ventricle for secretion into cerebral spinal fluid. Vasopressin in the external zone is greatly increased by the absence of adrenal cortical steroids which suggests that vasopressin may play a role in the hypothalamic anterior pituitary adrenal axis. The cerebral spinal fluid pathway may be important in man if vasopressin is found to have the memory consolidating effects which have been investigated in other animals.