Co-occurrence of antimicrobials and metals as potential drivers of antimicrobial resistance in swine farms
Co-occurrence of antimicrobials and metals as potential drivers of antimicrobial resistance in swine farms
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DOI：
10.3389/fenvs.2022.1018739
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发表时间：
2022-12
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jena L. Congilosi;J. S. Wallace;T. P. Neher;A. Howe;M. Soupir;D. Aga
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文献类型：
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作者：
Jena L. Congilosi;J. S. Wallace;T. P. Neher;A. Howe;M. Soupir;D. Aga
在世界许多地方，将动物粪便施用到农田是一种重要的养分循环策略。通常，聚集的粪肥废物含有化学应激物，包括兽医抗菌剂，重金属和抗菌素耐药性基因（ARG），可以刺激抗菌素耐药性（AMR）的发展和增殖。虽然粪便中存在抗菌剂是有据可查的，但猪粪中其他潜在影响的化学应激源的共同发生仍然被低估。本研究定量分析了美国爱荷华州猪场粪便样本中抗菌剂、金属和某些ARG之间的相关性。化学应激源和猪生产的不同阶段或饲料成分之间的关系也进行了研究。结果显示，四环素类药物的含量很高[高达1，260 µg g−1干重（d.w.）在所有样品中均检测到土霉素。检测到泰妙菌素、两种离子载体（莫能菌素和拉沙洛西）和一种大环内酯（替米考星）的最大类浓度分别为9.4、0.547和0.472 µg g−1 d.w.，分别ermB和tetM的相对丰度中位数分别为0.13和0.17拷贝g-1湿重（w.w.）。粪肥（归一化为16 S基因）。此外，在所有样品中检测到高水平的铜（Cu），铁（Fe）和锌（Zn），最高浓度为887，1，900和2，100 µg g−1 d.w.，分别值得注意的是，在11个样品中检测到铀（U），浓度高达0.77 µg g−1。使用斯皮尔曼等级相关性对AMR-应激源关系进行的全球分析表明，在所有受试设施中，Cu和Ba与细胞毒性无水四环素（ATC）和/或无水金霉素（ACTC）浓度的正相关性最强且最显著（Cu-ATC：ρ = 0.67，p = 0.0093; Cu-ACTC：ρ = 0.75，p = 0.0022; Ba-ATC：ρ = 0.84，p = 0.0002）。有趣的是，ermB和tetM基因彼此强烈正相关（ρ = 0.92，p < 0.0001），表明可能的共选择，尽管ARG和四环素浓度之间不存在相关性。这项研究表明，在多个粪肥储存坑之前，农田应用的抗菌剂，金属和ARGs之间的相互作用的复杂性。
The application of animal manures to cropland is an important nutrient recycling strategy in many parts of the world. Commonly, aggregated manure wastes contain chemical stressors including veterinary antimicrobials, heavy metals, and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) that can stimulate the development and proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While the presence of antimicrobials in manure is well-documented, the co-occurrence of other potentially impactful chemical stressors in swine manure remains underreported. This study quantifies and analyzes correlations between antimicrobials, metals, and certain ARGs present in manure samples from swine farms in Iowa, United States. Relationships between chemical stressors and different stages of swine production or feed composition are also investigated. Results revealed substantial levels of tetracyclines [up to 1,260 µg g−1 dry weight (d.w.) of manure for oxytetracycline] detected in all samples. Tiamulin, two ionophores (monensin and lasalocid), and one macrolide (tilmicosin) were detected at maximum class concentrations of 9.4, 0.547, and 0.472 µg g−1 d.w., respectively. The median relative abundances of ermB and tetM were 0.13 and 0.17 copies g−1 wet weight (w.w.) manure (normalized to 16S gene), respectively. Additionally, high levels of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were detected in all samples, with maximum concentrations of 887, 1,900, and 2,100 µg g−1 d.w., respectively. Notably, uranium (U) was detected in 11 samples, at concentrations up to 0.77 µg g−1. A global analysis of AMR-stressor relationships using Spearman’s rank correlation indicates Cu, and Ba are the most positively and significantly correlated with cytotoxic anhydrotetracycline (ATC) and/or anhydrochlortetracycline (ACTC) concentrations in all tested facilities (Cu-ATC: ρ = 0.67, p = 0.0093; Cu-ACTC: ρ = 0.75, p = 0.0022; Ba-ATC: ρ = 0.84, p = 0.0002). Interestingly, ermB and tetM genes were strongly, positively correlated to each other (ρ = 0.92, p < 0.0001), suggesting possible co-selection, despite the absence of correlation between ARGs and tetracycline concentrations. This study demonstrates the complexity of interactions between antimicrobials, metals, and ARGs in multiple manure storage pits prior to cropland application.