Social dimension of emotions and its implication for animal welfare
Social dimension of emotions and its implication for animal welfare
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DOI：
10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.005
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发表时间：
2012-05-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Spinka, Marek
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Spinka, Marek
动物的情感是动物福利概念的核心。到目前为止，动物福利科学中的情绪一直被研究为个体内的现象，即指导动物采取适当行动的协调机制。然而，情感包括一个重要的社会维度。人们正在对人类情绪的社会方面进行深入研究，但令人惊讶的是，动物的定量数据很少。人类之间的情绪转移有时被称为不同类型的共情，它有不同的形式，在认知复杂性、观察到的情绪和诱发的情绪之间的匹配以及时间尺度上都有所不同。人类的情感分享与行为共鸣密切相关，即与自动同步和模仿其他个体行为的强烈非自愿倾向密切相关，这种共鸣导致向积极情绪和更密切联系的转变。并非所有形式的共情类型的互动都可能存在于动物中，但有充分的证据表明，动物经常通过无意的暗示或通过特定的进化信号在它们之间传递情绪。一种简单而广泛的动物之间的情感转移形式进行了更详细的讨论，即所谓的情绪传染的过程，导致动物转移，在感知动物的情绪状态，他们自己的情感状态在同一个方向。因为这个过程可以在动物群体中增加消极和积极的情绪，所以它对家养和圈养动物的福利很重要。其他类型的类似移情的现象，如通过情感和行为的诱导加强亲和关系，也可能影响社会动物的福利。关注动物情感的社会维度将促进我们对动物福利的理解，并可能开辟新的途径来积极影响它，但在这些前景转化为实用知识之前，需要对社会动物情感的具体形式进行大量的实证研究。(C)2012 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。
Animal emotions are central to the concept of animal welfare. So far, emotions have been investigated in animal welfare science as within-individual phenomena, i.e. coordinating mechanisms that guide the animal to take appropriate action. However, emotions include an important social dimension. The social side of emotions is being intensely investigated in humans, but surprisingly little quantitative data exist for animals. Transfers of emotions among humans, sometimes labelled as different types of empathy, take different forms, varying in their cognitive complexity, in the match between the observed and the induced emotion, and in their time-scale. Sharing of emotions in humans is closely linked to behavioural resonance, i.e. to strong involuntary propensity to automatically synchronize with and imitate behavioural actions of other individuals, and this resonance results in a shift towards positive emotions and closer affiliation. Not all forms of empathy-type interactions may exist in animals, but there is ample evidence that animals often do transfer emotions among themselves, either through inadvertent cues or through specifically evolved signals. One simple and widespread form of emotional transfer among animals is discussed in more detail, namely, the process called emotional contagion that causes animals to shift, upon perceiving animals in an emotional state, their own affective state in the same direction. Because this process can multiply both negative and positive emotions in animal groups, it can be of importance for welfare in domestic and captive animals. Other types of empathy-like phenomena, such as strengthening of affiliative bonds through emotional and behavioural entrainment may also influence welfare of social animals. Paying attention to the social dimension of animal emotions will promote our understanding of animal welfare and may open new ways to affect it positively, but much empirical research into the specific forms of social animal emotionality is needed before these prospects will be turned into practicable knowledge. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.