Learned helplessness and learned resourcefulness: effects of noncontingent success and failure on individuals differing in self-control skills.
Learned helplessness and learned resourcefulness: effects of noncontingent success and failure on individuals differing in self-control skills.
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习得性无助和习得性机智：非偶然的成功和失败对自我控制技能不同的个体的影响。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1985
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
K. Ben
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Rosenbaum;K. Ben
我们设计了两个实验来研究自我控制过程在习得性无助研究中的作用，通过评估被试对不可控性的不同反应来研究，这些被试可能具有丰富的（高资源，或HR）或贫穷的（低资源，或LR）自我控制技能。HR和LR受试者在表面上评估“治疗能力”的任务上接受了非偶然的成功反馈、失败反馈或没有反馈。随后，受试者被测试了不可解的谜题（实验1）或可解的字谜（实验2）。根据Kanfer和Hagerman（1981）的自我调节模型，自我调节活动主要是在受试者面临反复失败的情况下诱发的。因此，我们预测，自我控制的个体差异会影响表现的不可解决的难题，而不是字谜后，暴露于非偶然的失败。这一预测得到了证实：只有LR科目的表现上的不可解的难题是衰弱的无助感，而HR和LR科目表现出平等的理解力引起的赤字的字谜。后者的发现被解释的习得无助模型没有自我调节过程的中介作用。从自我控制模型预测，人力资源科目更频繁地检查报表表明积极的自我评价和任务导向的思想和不经常检查消极的自我评价比LR科目在暴露于不可控性在这两个实验。我们的结论是，自我控制模型最好的科目的自我反应暴露在不可控性或失败，而习得无助模型解释的无助从不可控的情况下，可控的泛化。
We designed two experiments to investigate the role of self-control processes in learned-helplessness studies by assessing the differential reactions to uncontrollability of subjects who presumably had either a rich (high resourceful, or HR) or poor (low resourceful, or LR) repertoire of self-control skills. HR and LR subjects received noncontingent success feedback, failure feedback, or no feedback on a task that ostensibly assessed "therapeutic abilities." Subjects were subsequently tested on insolvable puzzles (Experiment 1) or on solvable anagrams (Experiment 2). According to Kanfer and Hagerman's (1981) self-regulation model, self-regulatory activities are evoked primarily in situations in which subjects are faced with repeated failure. Hence we predicted that individual differences in self-control would influence performance on the insolvable puzzles and not anagram performance after exposure to noncontingent failure. This prediction was confirmed: Only the performance of LR subjects on the insolvable puzzles was debilitated by the helplessness induction, whereas HR and LR subjects showed equal helplessness-induced deficits on the anagrams. The latter finding was interpreted in terms of the learned-helplessness model without the mediating effects of self-regulatory processes. As predicted from the self-control model, HR subjects more frequently checked statements indicating positive self-evaluations and task-oriented thoughts and less frequently checked negative self-evaluations than did LR subjects during exposure to uncontrollability in both experiments. We concluded that the self-control model accounts best for subjects' self-reactions during exposure to uncontrollability or failure, whereas the learned-helplessness model accounts for the generalization of helplessness from uncontrollable situations to controllable ones.