Overview of vaccines and vaccination.
Overview of vaccines and vaccination.
复制标题
疫苗和疫苗接种概述。
DOI：
10.1385/mb:29:3:255
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发表时间：
2005-03
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Ada G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ada G
在80多种已知的人类病原体中，现在有30多种疫苗可以预防26种主要是病毒和细菌感染，这些疫苗大大减少了随后的疾病，并防止接触这些病原体后死亡。本文介绍了疫苗的性质，从减毒活疫苗到亚单位，它们的有效性和安全性，以及这些疫苗产生的免疫应答的种类，这些疫苗是如此有效。到目前为止，所有获得许可的疫苗都能产生特别特异的抗体，这些抗体附着在感染原上，因此可以在很大程度上预防感染。在发达国家，这些疫苗在预防后续感染后的死亡方面非常有效，因此正在尝试开发针对许多剩余传染源的疫苗。后者中的许多很难操作;它们可以引起持续感染或显示出很大的抗原变异。一系列新的方法，以改善选定的免疫反应，如免疫与DNA或嵌合活载体，病毒或细菌，正在密切关注，以及基因组分析的代理。
Of the 80-plus known infectious agents pathogenic for humans, there are now more than 30 vaccines against 26 mainly viral and bacterial infections and these greatly minimize subsequent disease and prevent death after exposure to those agents. This article describes the nature of the vaccines, from live attenuated agents to subunits, their efficacy and safety, and the kind of the immune responses generated by those vaccines, which are so effective. To date, all licensed vaccines generate especially specific antibodies, which attach to the infectious agent and therefore can very largely prevent infection. These vaccines have been so effective in developed countries in preventing mortality after a subsequent infection that attempts are being made to develop vaccines against many of the remaining infectious agents. Many of the latter are difficult to manipulate; they can cause persisting infections or show great antigenic variation. A range of new approaches to improve selected immune responses, such as immunization with DNA or chimeric live vectors, viral or bacterial, are under intense scrutiny, as well as genomic analysis of the agent.