HUMAN CORONAVIRUSES - A BRIEF REVIEW
HUMAN CORONAVIRUSES - A BRIEF REVIEW
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DOI：
10.1002/rmv.1980040108
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发表时间：
1994-03-01
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
MYINT, SH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
MYINT, SH
本世纪初，大部分旨在确定普通感冒病因的努力都花在寻找细菌病因上。直到 20 世纪 30 年代，纽约洛克菲勒研究所的 Dochez 和他的同事们才认为病毒可能是病原体。他们对黑猩猩和人类志愿者的研究表明，过滤后的鼻腔分泌物能够在接种疫苗的黑猩猩和孤立的志愿者中引起感冒。下一个重大进展等待 20 世纪 50 年代细胞培养技术的发展，当时恩德斯证明脊髓灰质炎病毒可以在人类肾细胞中繁殖。这项技术被应用于普通感冒病毒的分离，并于 1956 年在猴肾细胞中分离出 ECHO 28（最初也称为 JH 或 2060）；现在已知这种病毒是鼻病毒。到 1965 年，人们知道除了鼻病毒之外，腺病毒、粘病毒（流感和副流感病毒以及呼吸道合胞病毒）和肠道病毒都是普通感冒的病原体。然而，很大一部分感冒似乎不是由这些原因引起的。索尔兹伯里的 Tyrrell 和 Bynoe 使用人类胎儿气管器官培养物，从 1960 年患感冒的男学生的鼻腔冲洗液和拭子中培养出一种病毒，他们将其称为“3814 毒剂”。这种鼻腔冲洗液（编号 B814）能够在 1 名经鼻内接种的志愿者中的 5 名中引起感冒症状。 B814 试剂对乙醚不稳定，可以通过无菌过滤器。它可以降低器官组织的纤毛活动，也可以通过这些器官培养物中的病毒干扰来检测到。就在索尔兹伯里研究小组发现 B814 的同时，芝加哥的 Hamre 和 Procknow 报告了另一种新病毒，可在人类胚胎肾细胞中培养，这种病毒是从 1962 年从一群医学生收集的鼻分泌物中培养出来的。这种病毒是从 5 个人身上培育出来的，其中 4 人患有感冒。选择来自学生样本 229E 的一个分离株作为原型菌株并进一步表征。它被证明对乙醚不稳定，直径约为 89pm，并且具有 RNA 基因组。 B814和229E病毒的电子显微镜检查显示它们在形态上与禽传染性支气管炎病毒和小鼠肝炎病毒相同。这些
At the beginning of this century, most of the effort aimed at defining the cause of common colds was spent searching for a bacterial aetiology. It was not until the work of Dochez and his colleagues at the Rockefeller Institute in New York in the 1930s that viruses were considered to be the likely causative agents.’Their work with chimpanzees and human volunteers showed that filtered nasal secretions were able to cause colds in inoculated chimpanzees and isolated volunteers. The next major advance awaited the development of cell culture techniques in the 1950s when Enders showed that poliomyelitis virus could be propagated in human kidney cells. This technique was applied to the isolation of common cold viruses, and in 1956 ECHO 28 (also initially called JH or 2060) was isolated in monkey kidney cells;’this virus is now known to be a rhinovirus. By 1965, it was known that as well as rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, myxoviruses (influenza and parainfluenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus) and enteroviruses were all causative agents of the common cold. Yet, a substantial proportion of colds seemed not to be due to any of these. Using human fetal tracheal organ culture, Tyrrell and Bynoe in Salisbury cultivated a virus that they termed€ 3814 agent from the nasal washing and swab taken from a schoolboy with a cold in 1960.3 This nasal washing, number B814, was able to cause cold symptoms in 5 of 1 I volunteers inoculated intranasally. B814 agent was ether labile and could pass through a bacteria-tight filter. It could reduce the ciliary activity of organ tissue, and could also be detected by virus interference in these organ cultures. At the same time as the Salisbury team were discovering B814, Hamre and Procknow in Chicago were reporting another new virus cultivatable in human embryo kidney cells from nasal secretions collected from a group of medical students in 1962.4 Virus was grown from five individuals, four of whom had been suffering from a cold. One isolate from student specimen 229E was chosen as the prototype strain and further characterised. It was shown to be ether-labile, about 89pm in diameter, and had an RNA genome. Electron microscope examination of both B814 and 229E viruses showed them to be morphologically identical to avian infectious bronchitis virus and mouse hepatitis virus. These