Ecological persistence, incumbency and reorganization in the Karoo Basin during the Permian-Triassic transition
Ecological persistence, incumbency and reorganization in the Karoo Basin during the Permian-Triassic transition
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DOI：
10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.10.014
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发表时间：
2018-11
影响因子：
12.1
通讯作者：
P. Roopnarine;K. Angielczyk;Allen S. Weik;Ashley A. Dineen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Roopnarine;K. Angielczyk;Allen S. Weik;Ashley A. Dineen
生物组合的地质持久性及其重组或大规模灭绝的破坏是化石记录中长期宏观进化和宏观生态模式的关键特征。这些事件不成比例地影响了生物历史，并在全球生物多样性上留下了永久的印记。在这里，我们假设的地质持久性和在职的古群落和类群的生物相互作用的模式，有利于生态持久性和稳定共存的相互作用的物种。同样复杂的社区所产生的替代宏观进化的历史，因此不同的功能结构，可能支持不太稳定的物种共存，因此不太持久。然而，替代社区具有相同的功能结构，作为一个持久的paleocommunity，但变量分支丰富，往往是或更稳定比观察到的palececommunicities，从而表明，地质持久性是不受约束的模式，或生态锁定的结果。数值模拟的食物网为七个四足动物为主的古群落跨越传统公认的二叠纪-三叠纪边界在卡鲁盆地的南非，表明在职二叠纪-三叠纪大灭绝之前，维持了一个动态稳定的，社区水平的系统的生物相互作用，从而支持这一假设。该系统的结构在连续的灭绝脉冲中消失，最初被丰富但地质短暂的早三叠世动物群所取代，而早三叠世动物群本身又被一个新的中三叠世群落所取代。因此，持久性和现任性的丧失并不仅仅是物种灭绝的结果;相反，最大的下降是伴随着事件发生后最早的新物种的增加。因此，我们进一步假设，生态重组和进化创新的大规模灭绝后，在高度稳定的，预先存在的系统的生物相互作用的破坏中发挥关键作用。在卡鲁盆地古群落的情况下，我们估计，恢复到稳定的相互作用，从而在职，是在大约4-17马。
The geological persistence of biotic assemblages and their reorganization or destruction by mass extinctions are key features of long-term macroevolutionary and macroecological patterns in the fossil record. These events affected biotic history disproportionately and left permanent imprints on global biodiversity. Here we hypothesize that the geological persistence and incumbency of paleocommunities and taxa are maintained by patterns of biotic interactions that favour the ecological persistence and stable coexistence of interacting species. Equally complex communities produced by alternative macroevolutionary histories, and hence of different functional structure, may support less stable species coexistence, and are therefore less persistent. However, alternative communities with the same functional structure as a persistent paleocommunity, but variable clade richnesses, tend to be as or more stable than observed palecommunities, thus demonstrating that geological persistence is not the result of constrained patterns, or ecological locking. Numerically modeled food webs for seven tetrapod-dominated paleocommunities spanning the traditionally-recognized Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa, show that incumbency before the Permian-Triassic mass extinction was maintained by a dynamically stable, community-level system of biotic interactions, thereby supporting the hypothesis. The system's structure was lost through successive extinction pulses, and replaced initially by a rich but geologically ephemeral Early Triassic fauna, which itself was replaced by a novel Middle Triassic community with renewed incumbency. The loss of persistence and incumbency, therefore, did not result simply from the extinction of species; instead the largest declines were accompanied by the addition of new species to the system in the earliest aftermath of the event. We therefore further hypothesize that ecological reorganization and evolutionary innovation in the wake of mass extinctions play key roles in the destruction of highly stable, preexisting systems of biotic interaction. In the case of the Karoo Basin paleocommunities, we estimate that a return to stable interactions, and thus incumbency, was achieved in approximately 4–17 Ma.