Association Between Organic Dietary Choice During Pregnancy and Hypospadias in Offspring: A Study of Mothers of 306 Boys Operated on for Hypospadias
Association Between Organic Dietary Choice During Pregnancy and Hypospadias in Offspring: A Study of Mothers of 306 Boys Operated on for Hypospadias
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DOI：
10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.116
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发表时间：
2013-03-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Jensen, Tina Kold
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Christensen, Jeppe Schultz;Asklund, Camilla;Jensen, Tina Kold
目的：对尿道下裂的病因知之甚少。接触杀虫剂被认为是一个风险因素，尽管研究结果并不一致。饮食构成了农药的一个重要接触途径，而农药残留在常规食品中的报告比有机食品中更常见。材料和方法：在病例对照研究中，306名男孩的母亲在地理位置和出生年份上与306名健康男孩的母亲进行了频率匹配。就人口和生活方式因素进行了电话采访，包括选定食物(牛奶、乳制品、鸡蛋、水果、蔬菜和肉类)的摄入量和有机选择。建立饮食变量的Logistic回归模型，并计算控制母亲年龄、体重指数和饮酒量的优势比。结果：妊娠期有机食品的总体选择与子代的尿道下裂无关。然而，在怀孕期间经常食用高脂肪乳制品(牛奶、黄油)，但很少或从不选择有机替代品，与尿路下裂的风险增加相关(调整后的OR2.18，95%可信区间1.09-4.36)。结论：这项关于男孩手术治疗尿道下裂的大型病例对照研究表明，子女的尿道下裂与母亲没有选择有机替代品，以及目前摄入非有机黄油和奶酪的量高有关。这一发现可能是由于高脂乳制品受到化学污染所致。然而，与选择有机替代品相关的一般生活方式和健康行为也可能解释这一发现。
Purpose: The etiology of hypospadias is poorly understood. Exposure to pesticides has been considered a risk factor, although findings are inconsistent. Diet constitutes a significant exposure route for pesticides, and pesticide residues are more frequently reported in conventional than organic food products. We examined the association between organic dietary choice during pregnancy and presence of hypospadias in the offspring.Materials and Methods: Mothers of 306 boys operated on for hypospadias were frequency matched for geography and child birth year to 306 mothers of healthy boys in a case-control study. Telephone interviews were conducted regarding demographic and lifestyle factors, including intake and organic choice of selected food items (milk, dairy products, egg, fruit, vegetables and meat). Logistic regression models were constructed for dietary variables, and odds ratios were calculated controlling for maternal age, body mass index and alcohol consumption.Results: Overall organic choice of food items during pregnancy was not associated with hypospadias in the offspring. However, frequent current consumption of high fat dairy products (milk, butter) while rarely or never choosing the organic alternative to these products during pregnancy was associated with increased odds of hypospadias (adjusted OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.09-4.36).Conclusions: This large case-control study of boys operated on for hypospadias suggests an association between hypospadias in the offspring and the mother not choosing the organic alternative, and having a high current intake of nonorganic butter and cheese. This finding could be due to chemical contamination of high fat dairy products. However, general lifestyle and health behavior related to choosing organic alternatives may also explain the finding.